凉山野生橄榄茶的研制

采用恒温热风干燥、微波干燥和真空冷冻干燥三种不同的干燥方法对橄榄进行处理,发现真空冷冻干燥的橄榄茶感官品质较好和加工前后各营养成分的变化较小,最优干燥试验方案为：真空度为10Pa、温度为-45℃,物料厚度为0.8cm,干燥时间为20h。制得的橄榄袋泡茶的冲泡性较好,涩味较轻,汤汁清澈无浑浊,色泽呈黄褐色,具有良好的橄榄香味。     

干燥方式对黄精片干燥特性和微观结构的影响

为探究不同干燥方式对红花滇黄精(Polygonatum kzngzanum Coll.et Hemsl.,以下简称“黄精”)片干燥特性和微观结构的影响，优选黄精片的最适干燥方式，采用真空冷冻干燥(Vacuum Freeze Drying，VFD)、热风干燥(Hot Air Drying，HAD)、真空干燥(Vacuum Drying，VD)、微波干燥(Microwave Drying，MD) 4种干燥方式，以干燥时间、平均干燥速率、有效水分扩散系数、色泽、收缩率、复水比、单位能耗以及微观结构为指标进行评价。结果表明：微波干燥下的黄精片干燥时间及单位能耗分别为131 min、5.78 (kW·h)/kg，均显著低于其他干燥方式；微波干燥样品的平均干燥速率及有效水分扩散系数分别为0.025 84 g/(g·min)、6.49×10^-10 m²/s,均显著高于其他干燥方式；微波干燥样品的L^*值(76.40)、收缩率(69.42%)、复水比(4.39 g/g)和微观结构均接近真空冷冻干燥样品，显著高于热风和真空干燥样品。综合考虑产品质量、干燥效果及加工成本，建议将微波干燥作为黄精片高效优质的脱水手段。     

冷冻干燥过程的计算模型及其应用

通过质量和能量衡算,建立了描述冷冻干燥过程的非稳态耦合热质传递动力学模型．计算模型可以从物理过程中区分升华干燥和解析干燥２ 个阶段,模型所需的输入参数较少,具有较大的灵活性．采用变时间步长和步进的算法求解数学模型,计算结果表明：干燥室压力的降低使升华干燥时间略有增加,却减少了解析干燥时间,有利于减少总干燥时间;尽管强化冻结层的传热可使升华干燥时间显著地减少,却增加了解析干燥时间,但总干燥时间并未由此明显减少．因而,增加冻结层的热通量对于总干燥时间的影响较小     

真空冷冻干燥技术在农产品加工中的应用

<正>1前言真空冷冻干燥是利用冰晶升华原理,将含水物料先冻结,然后使物料中的水分在一定真空条件下不经液相直接从固相化为水汽排出,使物料干燥的工艺,简称冻干。冷冻干燥技术在国外自20世纪60年代应用于食品脱水以来,技术性能逐步提高,生产     

油料种子热风干燥特性的试验研究

通过试验分析了热风温度对油料种子发芽率和干燥速度的影响 ,给出了不同温度条件下油料种子的水分随时间的变化规律 ,并确定了相应的参数 .分析了热风穿过一定厚度油料种子的阻力并与小麦做了比较 .     

柠檬片真空远红外干燥特性及对品质的影响

针对新鲜柠檬片在真空远红外干燥过程中的品质变化问题,采用真空远红外干燥箱对柠檬片进行干燥,研究操作温度、操作压力对干燥特性和物料色泽的影响,比较了真空远红外干燥、热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥制备柠檬片的干燥时间、干制品的RGB强度、维生素C保留率和复水比.结果表明:真空远红外干燥柠檬片的最佳干燥工艺参数为:干燥温度60℃,操作压力2 kPa,干燥时间6 h.在干燥过程中,操作温度越高,操作压力对干燥速率的影响越不明显(P0.05);RGB强度均值总体呈下降趋势,当柠檬片含水率低于10%时,柠檬片色泽发生显著变化;真空远红外干燥所得产品的复水比、RGB强度与维生素C保留率均优于热风干燥所得产品,略低于真空冷冻干燥产品.     

胡萝卜冷冻干燥过程的优化及最佳工艺条件的确立

对胡萝卜进行了冷冻干燥实验，确定了胡萝卜条冻干工艺条件，计算了冻结终点温度、冻结时间、物料厚度，建立了胡萝卜爷冻干的传热传质模型，由模型计算出理论干燥时间，并与实验值进行了比较．探讨了冻结速率、升华温度、干燥室及捕水器温度、压强对干燥时间的影响．胡萝卜条冷冻干燥的适宜工艺参数为冻结时间1h，物料厚度15mm，干燥室真空度60Pa，捕水器压强45Pa，温度-50～-40℃，总干燥时间5h．     

纳豆激酶高产菌株产酶特点及其干燥工艺的研究

在分析菌株产酶特点的基础上,对纳豆激酶(NK)制剂的干燥技术及其保存效果进行了实验研究.结果表明,不同NK菌株的产酶特征有明显差别;冷冻干燥和静态微波真空干燥都可用于纳豆激酶的干燥处理,其中冷冻干燥适用于纳豆激酶实验室干燥,而静态微波真空干燥适用于纳豆激酶制剂的规模化干燥;同时静态微波真空干燥时温度以不超过50℃为宜,温度过高则NK活性急剧下降,而且物料颜色变黑;NK经过干燥处理后室温贮藏24个月时,NK活性仍可达到其原始酶活的80%以上,研究结果为纳豆激酶制剂的产业化开发和应用提供了实验数据.     

水浸书籍的微波干燥与消毒处理

对于水浸书籍的干燥与处理,国内一般采用的方法是传统的真空冷冻干燥与热风干燥技术.介绍了捷克国家档案馆采用的一种新型专利技术——微波干燥消毒技术,该工艺可大大缩短书籍干燥处理周期,具有较好的推广应用前景.     

苹果冷冻干燥过程的优化及最佳工艺条件的确定

对苹果进行了冷冻干燥实验,确定了苹果片冻干工艺条件,计算了冻结时间,建立了苹果片冻干的传热传质模型,由模型计算出不同厚度物料的理论干燥时间,并与实验值进行了比较．探讨了冻结速率、物料温度、干燥室及捕水器温度、压强对冷冻干燥过程及制品质量的影响．苹果冷冻干燥的适宜工艺参数为冻结温度-35℃,冻结时间1h,升华干燥时干燥仓压强70-90Pa,解吸干燥时干燥仓压强20-30Pa,解吸干燥时物料温度50-60℃．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to