汽车排放污染及其电控简析

介绍汽车排放污染及电控汽车的三种排放控制方式，着重阐述了它们控制和减少排放污染的工作原理，以及它们的组成。     

用于汽车道路行驶排放测量的车载实验系统

利用自行开发的单片机测量仪器以及笔记本电脑，一台车载容积式油耗仪和一台车载汽车排气分析仪构成了一套车载实时汽车道路排放测量系统，该系统可以每秒或半秒一次的速率采集记录下汽车的瞬时车速，油耗以及各排放气体浓度值（HC，CO，NO，O2和CO2），这些数据可用于计算分析汽车的道路行驶工况的特征，道路废气质量排放特性，汽车实际道路排放因子等。利用该系统初步在天津市典型道路上进行了试验，初步获得了华利牌微型车在天津市道路上行驶时的总体平均排放因子。     

加速工况与双怠速工况的汽油汽车排放:共性与差异

考察和比较了汽油汽车加速工况瞬态排放与双怠速稳态排放的共性与差别.采用移动检测方案获得汽油汽车升挡加速瞬态排放,双怠速方案获得汽油汽车稳态排放;采用体积分数、面积量和符号时间序列分析方法的"Shannon熵"评价汽油汽车排放.汽车加速工况瞬态排放与双怠速工况稳态排放的共性是转速越低、空气过量系数λ越小、排放越大;差别是前者的排放均大于后者高怠速时的排放,前者的燃烧紊乱程度均高于后者;在双怠速工况下获得的汽油汽车排放量不能反映升挡加速工况的排放量;随着汽车加速工况挡位升高,其瞬态排放量上升而燃烧紊乱程度下降.     

对新世纪环保型汽车的展望

针对燃油汽车废气排放与控制的现状，探讨了环保型汽车的发展及制约其发展的因素，并对新世纪环保型汽车的发展前景进行了展望。     

未来城市中的电动汽车

未来城市中的电动汽车　　　当今世界，汽车是人们主要的交通工具之一。在许多国家的大、中城市里，川流不息的汽车日夜奔忙。目前，汽车发动机使用的燃料主要是汽油和柴油。燃料燃烧后，从汽车尾部排放的尾气中大约有１００种有毒物质，汽车排放的尾气污染，已占现代化城...     

汽车排放污染的形成与影响因素

汽车产生的公害主要表现为排放污染物、噪声对环境的危害及电气设备对通讯、电视、广播等的电波干扰。汽车产生的公害在车辆、人口密集的城市更为突出。汽车的排放污染对人们生活环境的污染和破坏最大，历史上曾经发生过由汽车引起的大气污染的严重事件。汽车排放污染物主要是由内燃机造成的。本文分析了排放污染物的危害、形成条件以及防范的措施。对净化环境、提高人们生存空间质量，有一定的积极意义。     

新能源汽车的市场现状及未来前景调查

随着城市汽车保有量大幅提升，传统汽车污染物排放已成为城市空气污染的主要污染源，汽车尾气排放的日益加重威胁着居民的身体健康，因而新能源汽车的发展刻不容缓。基于此，该文对我国新能源汽车市场的发展现状进行了分析，并通过调查问卷的方式对当前新能源汽车的潜在消费者进行了访问，分析出了驱动消费者购买的五大驱动因子。     

自动控制系统的汽车电子技术探讨

随着社会经济发展和人民收入水平的提高，汽车目前已经成为居民交通出行主要方式。在汽车生产过程中，自动控制系统应用广泛，涵盖了发动机电子控制系统、变速器自动控制系统、底盘综合控制系统、车身电子安全系统等，提高了汽车驾驶的安全性，降低了汽车油耗与尾气排放，并对于汽车维修与保养有积极意义。随着汽车电子技术进一步发展，自动控制系统在汽车应用范围更广，对于提高汽车综合性能有积极作用。     

汽车燃油清洁添加剂亟待开发

在近日举行的“清洁燃料联合行动”活动中，中外有关专家一致认为，提高燃油质量和开发燃油清洁添加剂是我国治理汽车排放污染的当务之急。目前我国汽车燃油存在的问题严重影响了新型环保技术在汽车上的应用。其中主要问题之一就是缺乏燃油清洁添加剂。中国到2000年将全面禁止使用含铅汽油，g降低汽车尾气中有害气体含量。而目前中国无铅汽油的标号与国际标准不统一，在一定程度上影响了先进环保技术在汽车上的应用。国家机械工业局官员认为，治理汽车排放污染的第一步是提高燃油质量，这一方面要求汽车制造商采用先进技术，另一方面要求燃…     

平面交叉口汽车排放（CO）污染规律

根据市区平面交叉口的交流流特征，汽车有害物排放规律及周围建筑物的结构形式，采用风洞试验和数值计算的研究方法，分析了汽车排放污染物的产生，扩散及污染分布规律，提出了城市交叉口大气环境质量运行分析方法。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-