基于平均踏面廓形的动力学最优钢轨廓形设计

为改善打磨质量,提高打磨后车辆运行品质,提出一种基于逆向反推方法的铁路钢轨打磨廓形的设计思路。以优化的轮径差函数为核心目标,以预期的轮轨接触分布为边界条件,实现通过设计轮径差函数反推钢轨打磨廓形的算法设计,并经编制的算法程校验该方法的可行性。本文从直线运行平稳性、曲线通过能力和轮轨接触分布三个方面,分析CRH3型踏面、LMA型踏面、LMB型踏面和XP55型踏面与60N钢轨匹配时的接触特性。仿真结果显示,除直线运行平稳性有所下降外,其余的匹配特性均有所改善。该方法优化效率高,优化效果合理。     

基于轮径差函数的曲线钢轨打磨廓形设计

为改善打磨质量,提高打磨后车辆运行品质,提出了一种基于直接反推方法的铁路钢轨打磨廓形的设计方法,该方法以优化打磨后的轮径差函数为核心目标,以预期的轮轨接触分布为设计边界条件,实现了通过设计轮径差函数直接反推钢轨打磨廓形的算法设计,并经编制的算法程序校验了该方法的可行性.该方法既可针对两股钢轨同时设计,也可针对单股钢轨进行设计,同时能够通过调整设计轮径差和预期接触分布满足不同的打磨需求.     

普速铁路直线钢轨轨距角接触问题分析及治理

基于现场观测和相关动力学仿真分析结果对普速铁路直线钢轨轨距角接触问题进行了分析.基于个性化钢轨廓形打磨技术提出了解决方案,并对实施效果进行了跟踪观测.结果表明,左右车轮非对称磨耗引起的横移量和受力状态、钢轨廓形内侧偏低导致的自对中能力不足分别是车轮和钢轨廓形角度易导致轨距角接触的主要原因.由于普速铁路货车车轮状态不尽理想,因此通过钢轨廓形打磨只能减小接触的概率,较难完全根除.将钢轨廓形与实测车轮的接触位置分布情况预测作为钢轨打磨目标廓形设计结果校核条件之一时可有效优化轮轨接触位置,进而缓解轨距角接触问题.     

基于轮轨接触特征的转辙器区钢轨廓形设计

针对道岔转辙器区钢轨容易出现伤损及寿命短等问题,根据轮轨接触理论,提出了以滚动圆半径差函数和轮轨间接触点均匀分布为主要的设计目标,以轮轨接触点的位置为边界条件,利用欧拉积分方法求解微分方程,从而获得钢轨打磨的目标廓形的方法,并编制了相应的计算程序,进行了实例验证.结果表明,优化后的钢轨与车轮有更合理的匹配性,改善了车辆通过道岔时的动力学性能,减小了轮轨间的接触应力,使得接触分布和磨耗更加均匀,从而能延长钢轨使用寿命.     

不同形式的道岔钢轨打磨对高速列车动力学性能影响

针对部分高铁道岔打磨后出现车体横加报警现象,对道岔打磨形式进行研究,利用动力学软件建立轮轨接触模型及动力学模型,分析不同打磨形式下轮轨接触几何特性、轮轨磨耗、车辆运行安全性及车辆运行平稳性,并与实际不同形式打磨后高速列车车辆运行平稳性进行比较.结果表明:相比于传统钢轨打磨形式,通过个性化钢轨打磨道岔后,道岔钢轨左右股廓形对称,轮轨等效锥度理想;列车通过道岔时,轮轨磨耗改善显著,列车运行安全性及平稳性得到提升,与实测列车运行平稳性数据变化趋势一致,故采用个性化打磨方式可以改善道岔打磨后车体横加报警现象.     

高速铁路钢轨打磨对轮轨接触关系的影响

为研究钢轨打磨对轮轨接触关系的影响,根据武广高铁历次打磨后轨检车检测的轨道不平顺质量指数,选取现场实际打磨后的轮轨廓形,建立"车轮-钢轨"接触关系模型并进行有限元仿真计算,计算结果表明打磨后轮轨接触点会向钢轨踏面中心移动.通过对钢轨光带和廓形的跟踪调研发现:打磨后钢轨顶部形成20~30mm的光带;打磨13个月后,通过总重约为3.979×107 t,钢轨光带有变宽和双点接触的轻微痕迹;打磨17个月后,通过总重为5.203×107 t,光带明显变宽,宽度约为35mm.通过采集株洲和广州高铁工务段动检车的横向加速度报警量,发现钢轨打磨能有效减少动车横向加速度报警.通过分析长沙供电段供电量的变化,发现钢轨打磨能在一定程度上降低动车的耗电量.     

钢轨廓形打磨关键环节及智能化实现

对钢轨廓形打磨的实施流程进行了阐述,并对目标廓形设计、打磨模式设计和结果验收评价等关键环节进行了分析,提出了各环节设计方法,开发了相关计算机智能设计程序,基于实际案例,对现场实施效果进行了观测分析。结果表明,对钢轨打磨各关键环节设计方法的优化可大幅提升钢轨打磨作业的针对性;计算机智能化设计程序的开发可大幅提升钢轨打磨方案的设计效率和实施精度; 昆明铁路局广通至大理铁路线采用智能化设计方法打磨后,小半径曲线钢轨和机车轮缘严重磨耗问题得到了有效解决,现场试验与理论分析结果基本吻合。     

固定辙叉区心轨轨顶降低值优化设计方法

为了提升车辆过岔的轮轨动力性能,改善心轨的受力状况,根据辙叉区轮对与心轨和翼轨的接触特征,提出了一种固定辙叉心轨轨顶降低值的优化设计方法,该方法以降低车辆通过固定辙叉区的轮轨接触力为设计目标,以保证车辆的运行安全性和心轨轨顶降低值曲线的单调性为约束条件,利用粒子群算法求解优化模型,具有较快的收敛速度。研究结果表明,该优化设计方法能够根据岔区的钢轨廓形、翼轨加高值以及踏面廓形快速设计出与翼轨匹配较优的心轨轨顶降低值方案,改善辙叉区的轮轨接触关系,从而减小车辆过岔的轮轨冲击。     

400 m小半径曲线钢轨打磨前后车辆动力学特性分析

本文选取某线路磨损较为严重的400 m半径曲线钢轨作为研究对象,采用多体动力学软件UM建立车辆-钢轨耦合动力学模型,不考虑钢轨打磨前后的轨面平顺性,研究分析新轨及打磨前后旧轨廓形与全新车轮LMa车轮踏面接触时车辆动力学特性.结果表明:当横移量大于7 mm时,新轨等效锥度最大,打磨后旧轨等效锥度较打磨前小,车辆通过小半径曲线性能有所降低,但同时也将减小轮轨横向力,减小轮轨磨耗;较打磨前旧轨,打磨后旧轨与LMa车轮踏面接触时,踏面接触斑内纵向蠕滑率最大值分别减小15.07%、2.82%,左右股横向蠕滑率最大值分别减小4.48%、4.69%,左右股磨耗功最大值分别减少18.06%、9.04%;打磨后旧轨轮对横向/垂向加速度变化时域图与新轨几乎重合,且最大值较打磨前分别降低4.46%、19.05%,车辆运行平稳性得到提升;打磨后轨面状态得到改善,剥离掉块得到较好整治,波浪形磨耗得到较好处理,车辆运行品质得到改善.     

基于标准廓形钢轨的打磨模式机理

打磨模式的选取直接影响钢轨打磨的作业过程及其打磨效果,而钢轨打磨模式的作用机理可作为实现目标状态的指导。以国内60 kg标准钢轨为例开展钢轨打磨模式磨削要素发展规律的研究。基于建立的标准钢轨廓形的数学模型,结合打磨模式的分布特点以及砂轮与钢轨的干涉关系确定被磨钢轨横断面的计算模型;然后在实际作业的取值范围内讨论主要影响因素的变化规律,分析对称与非对称模式对钢轨廓形的影响,并通过对应打磨模式下实际廓形与理想廓形的分析对以上模型加以验证。结果表明:钢轨打磨砂轮的摆角越小,完成相同横断面移除量所需要的切削深度越小;横向对称模式与纵向模式对对称的标准廓形的往返作业对钢轨廓形的影响是相同的,非对称模式对钢轨廓形的磨削作用主要由打磨砂轮的角度分布模式决定。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.