Corrosion behavior of ferritic stainless steel with 15wt% chromium for the automobile exhaust system

The effect of chloride ion concentration, pH value, and grain size on the pitting corrosion resistance of a new ferritic stainless steel with 15wt% Cr was investigated using the anodic polarization method. The semiconducting properties of passive films with different chloride ion concentrations were performed using capacitance measurement and Mott-Schottky analysis methods. The aging precipitation and intergranular corrosion behavior were evaluated at 400–900℃. It is found that the pitting potential decreases when the grain size increases. With the increase in chloride ion concentration, the doping density and the flat-bland potential increase but the thickness of the space charge layer decreases. The pitting corrosion resistance increases rapidly with the decrease in pH value. Precipitants is identified as Nb(C,N) and NbC, rather than Cr-carbide. The intergranular corrosion is attributed to the synergistic effects of Nb(C,N) and NbC precipitates and Cr segregation adjacent to the precipitates.     

Effects of cupric ions on the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloy 5A02 in ethylene glycol-water solution

The effects of cupric ions on the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloy 5A02 in ethylene glycol-water solutions were studied by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical noise (EN), and complementary techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A positive corrosion potential and increased corrosion current were observed due to the deposition of copper. The results demonstrate that the main corrosion type was pitting and the increasing cupric ion concentration augmented the pitting density. The pits became larger and deeper as a result of the embedment of copper into the surface of the alloy. Cupric ions were preferentially deposited at the defects around the secondary phase, leading to the formation of Al-Cu microgalvanic couples, which increased the corrosion rate. The corrosion rate gradually reached a stable value as the concentration of cupric ions was increased beyond 10 mmol/L.     

C和Ti双注入H13钢抗腐蚀钝化层的形成

用多次扫描电位法研究了金属Ti与C双注入抗腐蚀和抗点蚀钝化层生成的条件,用扫描电子显微镜观察了腐蚀坑,发现注入层表面已经形成了具有一定厚度钝化层.这种钝化层既能抗酸性腐蚀,又具有优良的抗碱性点蚀特性.测量结果表明,在C注量不变时,增加Ti注量可使抗腐蚀特性增强;而在Ti注量不变时,增加C注量可使抗点蚀特性增强.     

Mangosteen peel-derived activated carbon for supercapacitors

This work reports the effects of activation temperatures on the porous development and electrochemical performance of activated carbons. Herein, activated carbons were prepared from the biowaste of mangosteen peel by using KOH activation at temperatures of 400, 600, and 800 ?°C. The results demonstrate that the specific surface area increases with increasing the activation temperatures in which the well-developed porous structure after KOH activation at 800 ?°C provides the highest specific surface area of 1039 ?m² ?g^?1. At 600 ?°C, the activated carbon delivers the highest specific capacitance value of 182 ?F ?g^?1 ?at a current density of 0.5 ?A ?g^?1 in 3 ?M KOH aqueous electrolyte. This is correlated well with its high micropore fractions (99%). Moreover, it was found that the activation temperature changes the major contribution of oxygen-containing functional group on surface of activated carbon, which is beneficial for the enhancement of the specific capacitance value of activated carbon at the temperature of 600 ?°C. This work suggests that the activation temperature is a key to optimizing the electrochemical performance of activated carbons. Overall, our activated carbons can be considered as a strong candidate for use as electrode materials in supercapacitors.     

Effects of silty sand on CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> corrosion behavior of low-Cr tubing steel

An experimental study was carried out to assess the effects of silty sand on the CO 2 corrosion behavior of 1 wt% Cr (1Cr) and 3 wt% Cr (3Cr) tubing steel under 0.5 MPa CO 2 at 100°C and 1.5 m/s flow velocity.The 1Cr and 3Cr specimens both suffered general corrosion,but the surface was coarser in the pure CO 2 corrosion environment.Under silty sand conditions,severe pitting corrosion occurred on the 1Cr specimens and some acicular pitting appeared on the 3Cr specimens.The average corrosion rates of 1Cr and 3Cr steels increased by factors of 3 and 1.6,respectively.The corrosion products were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS),X-ray diffraction (XRD),and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).The results show that silty sand acts as an inclusion in corrosion product films and reduces the homogeneity and density of the products,rather than abrading the corrosion film.Ion-diffusion channels may build up around the irregular silty sand;this would degrade the protective capabilities of the product films and aggravate corrosion.     

温度和Cl~-质量分数对304不锈钢耐点蚀性能的影响

采用线性极化技术和动电位循环伏安法2种电化学测试技术,研究温度和氯离子的质量分数对304不锈钢耐点蚀性能的影响,从而得到二者对点蚀的影响规律.结果表明:随着温度的升高和氯离子质量分数的增大,304不锈钢点蚀坑的孔径和数量均变大,电流密度也变大,击穿电位Eb负移,钝化区变窄,因此二者的升高使钝化膜的修复能力变差,点蚀敏感性增加.同时得到Eb与温度、Cl-质量分数都呈线性关系:温度每升高10℃,Eb向负方向移动约30 mV.Cl-质量分数每增加0.5%,Eb向负方向约移动10 mV.Eb-Ep随着温度或Cl-质量分数的升高而变大,但其与温度或Cl-质量分数并不成线性关系.     

Structural refinement of 00Cr13Ni5Mo2 supermartensitic stainless steel during single-stage intercritical tempering

The 00Cr13Ni5Mo2 supermartensitic stainless steel was first tempered at 570–730℃ for 2 h to observe the microstructure and hardness changes. The tempering temperature was set to 600, 650, and 700℃, which is below, equal to, and above the austenite transformation start temperature, respectively, for each holding period to investigate the effects of tempering time on the structure and properties of the steel. The microstructure of the specimens was examined by optical microscopy and transmission electronic microscopy, and the phase composition was detected by X-ray diffraction. As expected, lath refinement was observed in the steel tempered at 700℃, and the refinement degree significantly depended on the tempering time. Contrary to normal steel softening by tempering, the hardness performance of the steel was significantly enhanced primarily because of the refinement of martensite laths after single-stage intercritical tempering. It is believed that the reverse transformation of martensite (α′) to austenite (γ) is responsible for the refinement.     

V、Ta微合金化12Cr低活性F/M钢的优化设计

采用Thermo-Calc热力学模拟计算与实验相结合的方法,优化设计了一种V、Ta微合金化的低活性F/M钢12Cr3WVTa,经1 050℃水淬及780℃回火后对其显微组织及析出相进行光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察以及能谱分析.实验钢淬火回火后显微组织由回火马氏体和少量δ铁素体相组成,析出相主要为M23C6和MX相(M=V,Ta;X=C,N),其中M23C6主要分布于回火马氏体板条界和相界,而MX弥散析出于回火马氏体板条内以及δ铁素体内.实验钢室温和高温(600℃)拉伸力学性能良好,600℃下材料抗拉强度为507 MPa,屈服强度为402 MPa,满足超临界水冷堆用包壳管的拉伸性能要求.     

氯离子对石油测井仪器用Cr13不锈钢点损伤行为的影响

采用高温高压模拟环境装置和实时动电位极化和交流阻抗技术对石油测井仪器用Cr13不锈钢在模拟井下不同氯离子环境中电极的腐蚀失重和电化学行为进行了研究.实验结果表明,当地层水或者钻井液中氯离子浓度较高时,Cr13不锈钢表面的点损伤难以避免;随着氯离子浓度的升高,Cr13的均匀腐蚀速率增大,试样表面点蚀坑增多;局部氯离子以FeCl2和FeCl3形式吸附是造成钝化膜损伤的主要原因.应尽量减少仪器在含氯离子环境中的停留时间或提高材料等级.     

压水堆一回路主管道316 L不锈钢的电化学腐蚀行为

通过中心复合设计试验法设计试验,结合动电位极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱的测量以及氧化膜形貌观察和成分测量,研究了温度(30~350℃)、Cl-质量浓度(10~1000μg·L-1)和溶解氧质量浓度(0~200μg·L-1)3种因素对压水堆一回路主管道316L不锈钢电化学腐蚀性能的影响.结果表明:温度是影响316L不锈钢电化学腐蚀性能最显著的因素,温度越高,腐蚀电流密度越大,点蚀电位越低;Cl-浓度和溶解氧浓度对316L不锈钢电化学腐蚀性能的影响与温度密切相关,温度较低时(T<150℃),Cl-浓度和溶解氧浓度均对316L腐蚀电流密度几乎无影响,但点蚀电位却随Cl-浓度增加和溶解氧浓度的降低而降低;温度较高时,分别为T>130℃和T>150℃,Cl-浓度和溶解氧浓度均对316L点蚀电位几乎无影响,但腐蚀电流密度却随Cl-和溶解氧的浓度增加而显著增加,腐蚀加剧.电化学阻抗谱的测量和氧化膜形貌的观察也进一步验证了上述试验结果.     

Effect of Na+ on xonotlite crystals in hydrothermal synthesis

The effect of Na⁺ ion concentration on the crystalline phase composition and morphology of xonotlite crystals prepared in a CaO-SiO₂-H₂O system via hydrothermal synthesis was analyzed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicate that Na⁺ ion concentration has a significant impact on the composition and morphology of crystalline phases in the products under the initial conditions of a molar ratio of CaO/SiO₂ of 1.0 and a reactant concentration of 0.05 mol·L^?1 at 225°C for 15 h. The main crystalline phase in the products has a phase transition from xonotlite to pectolite, and the morphology changes from fibrous to broomlike shape with the Na⁺ ion concentration increasing. Therefore, the content of Na₂O in the raw material should be less than 5wt% for preparing pure xonotlite crystals via hydrothermal synthesis in a CaO-SiO₂-H₂O system.     

化学-力学耦合作用下混凝土内钢筋蚀坑的演化及分布规律

基于概率与统计知识,对化学-力学耦合作用下钢筋蚀坑的演化及其分布进行研究.结果表明氯盐侵蚀下钢筋蚀坑的演化可分为3个阶段:微观非稳态点蚀形核、细观亚稳态蚀坑、宏观稳态蚀坑.单一氯盐腐蚀作用下形成的宏观稳态蚀坑深度相对较小,而拉应力的引入将加剧钢筋表面化学/物理性质的不均匀,从而导致宏观稳态蚀坑深度较大.在氯盐及其与拉应...     

Mechanical properties and characteristics of nanometer-sized precipitates in hot-rolled low-carbon ferritic steel

The microstructures and properties of hot-rolled low-carbon ferritic steel have been investigated by optical microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and tensile tests after isothermal transformation from 600℃ to 700℃ for 60 min. It is found that the strength of the steel decreases with the increment of isothermal temperature, whereas the hole expansion ratio and the fraction of high-angle grain boundaries increase. A large amount of nanometer-sized carbides were homogeneously distributed throughout the material, and fine (Ti, Mo)C precipitates have a significant precipitation strengthening effect on the ferrite phase because of their high density. The nanometer-sized carbides have a lattice parameter of 0.411–0.431 nm. After isothermal transformation at 650℃ for 60 min, the ferrite phase can be strengthened above 300 MPa by precipitation strengthening according to the Ashby-Orowan mechanism.     

pH值对Q235钢在模拟酸性土壤中腐蚀行为的影响

通过腐蚀失重计算、扫描电镜、X射线衍射方法、极化曲线分析等手段,研究了pH值对Q235钢在模拟酸性土壤中腐蚀行为的影响.在模拟酸性土壤环境中,Q235钢的腐蚀速率随土壤pH值升高而降低,经360 h腐蚀后,在pH值为4.0、4.5和5.1的土壤中试样的腐蚀速率分别为0.68、0.48和0.42 mm·a-1.随土壤pH值升高,Q235钢锈层更为致密,其表面蚀坑由窄深型发展变为宽浅型发展.腐蚀产物均为SiO2、α-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH、Fe2 O3及 Fe3 O4,随土壤 pH值升高,腐蚀产物中α-FeOOH/γ-FeOOH质量比升高.极化曲线分析表明,随土壤pH值升高,Q235钢腐蚀电位升高,自腐蚀电流密度降低,试样腐蚀速率减小.     

高腐蚀条件下用铝合金材料腐蚀机理

铝合金具有低密度、低熔点、高比强度及优良的耐腐蚀性能等特点，被广泛用于航空航天、建筑、船舶等领域。在服役过程中，铝合金的表层氧化膜易受到环境中活性阴离子的破坏而发生腐蚀，对其性能造成严重的损害，故研究铝合金在高腐蚀性环境的腐蚀行为对工程选材具有非常重要的指导意义。选择6061铝合金、2195铝锂合金和7075铝合金为研究对象，对其在特定腐蚀介质中的腐蚀过程和力学性能进行分析，研究了铝合金在特定腐蚀介质中腐蚀形貌与力学性能的变化规律。结果表明：腐蚀初期，在高Cl^-、NO₂^3-、SO₂^4-离子浓度的腐蚀环境中，3种铝合金的氧化膜受到阴离子破坏后发生点腐蚀，使基体暴露在腐蚀环境中，进而发生电化学腐蚀，6061铝合金和2195铝锂合金腐蚀方式是由点腐蚀向面腐蚀转变，7075铝合金腐蚀方式为晶间腐蚀；经过腐蚀后6061铝合金能保持稳定的强度和塑性，7075铝合金和2195铝锂合金的强度和塑性都明显降低。     

低温盐浴渗氮对Custom 465钢耐蚀及耐磨性的影响

为了提高Custom 465马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢的耐磨性,分别在440、480和520℃对580℃时效后的样品进行了2 h的盐浴渗氮,使用显微硬度计、X射线衍射仪、电化学工作站、球盘式摩擦磨损仪、表面轮廓仪、扫描电镜等设备,研究渗氮温度对Custom 465钢表面物相、硬度、渗层显微形貌、耐蚀性及耐磨性的影响. 随着渗氮温度升高,耐蚀性逐渐降低,但表面硬度增加,520℃处理后表面硬度增大到1240 HV,较未处理试样的400 HV明显上升,渗层厚度达到22μm. 440℃渗氮后表面物相为氮在马氏体基体中过饱和的α'N ,点蚀电位降低约60 mV;480℃时有少量CrN相析出,引起点蚀电位降低约180 mV,同时磨损体积下降约43%;520℃时CrN相的含量明显升高,自腐蚀电位降低约70 mV,无明显的稳态钝化区,磨损体积降低82%,减磨效果明显.     

Corrosion behavior and mechanism of the automotive hot-dip galvanized steel with alkaline mud adhesion

The corrosion behavior and mechanism of hot-dip galvanized steel and interstitial-free (IF) substrate with alkaline mud adhesion were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and linear polarization. The results show that non-uniform corrosion occurs on the galvanized steel and IF substrate during 250 h with the mud adhesion. The corrosion products on the galvanized steel are very loose and porous, which are mainly ZnO, Zn₅(OH)₈C₁₂·H₂O and Zn(OH)₂, and Fe-Zn alloy layer with a lower corrosion rate is exposed on the galvanized steel surface; however, the corrosion products on IF substrate are considerably harder and denser, whose compositions of rust are mainly FeOOH and Fe₃O₄, and several pits appear on their surface. The results of continuous EIS and linear polarization measurements exhibit a corrosion mechanism, that is, under activation control, the charge transfer resistances present different tendencies between the galvanized steel and IF substrate; in addition, the evolution of linear polarization resistances is similar to that of charge transfer resistances. The higher contents of dissolved oxygen and Cl- ions in the mud play an important role in accelerating the corrosion.     

304 L不锈钢焊缝在混凝土模拟孔隙液中的点蚀行为

采用动电位极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱、Mott-Schottky曲线等电化学方法研究了以308 L为焊丝的304 L不锈钢焊接接头在不同氯离子含量的混凝土模拟孔隙液中腐蚀行为和电化学规律。随Cl-增加,304 L不锈钢焊接接头的三个区域(母材、焊缝和热影响区)在混凝土模拟孔隙液中的自腐蚀电位、点蚀电位及电荷转移电阻降低,钝化膜中载流子密度和焊接接头的点蚀坑数量增加。在同浓度的腐蚀溶液中,308 L的焊缝区域耐蚀性最佳,热影响区次之,304 L基体表现出低的电荷转移电阻和高的掺杂浓度使得母材的耐蚀性最差。     

Comparative study on the corrosion behavior of X52, 3Cr,and 13Cr steel in an O2-H2O-CO2 system:products,reaction kinetics,and pitting sensitivity

The corrosion behaviors of X52, 3Cr low-alloy steel, and 13Cr stainless steel were investigated in an O₂-H₂O-CO₂ environment at various temperatures and O₂-CO₂ partial-pressure ratios. The results showed that the corrosion rates of X52, 3Cr, and 13Cr steels increased with increasing temperature. The corrosion rates slowly increased at temperatures less than 100℃ and increased sharply when the temperature exceeded 100℃. In the absence of O₂, X52, 3Cr, and 13Cr exhibited uniform corrosion morphology and FeCO₃ was the main corrosion product. When O₂ was introduced into the system, various forms of Fe₂O₃ appeared on the surface of the samples. The Cr content strongly influenced the corrosion resistance. The 3Cr steel with a low Cr content was more sensitive to pitting than the X52 or 13Cr steel. Thus, pitting occurred on the surface of 3Cr when 1.25 MPa of O₂ was added; this phenomenon is related to the non-uniform distribution of Cr in 3Cr.     

Effect of hot-dip galvanizing processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 600-MPa hot-dip galvanized dual-phase steel

A C-Mn dual-phase steel was soaked at 800℃ for 90 s and then either rapidly cooled to 450℃ and held for 30 s (process A) or rapidly cooled to 350℃ and then reheated to 450℃ (process B) to simulate the hot-dip galvanizing process. The influence of the hot-dip galvanizing process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 600-MPa hot-dip galvanized dual-phase steel (DP600) was investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and tensile tests. The results showed that, in the case of process A, the microstructure of DP600 was composed of ferrite, martensite, and a small amount of bainite. The granular bainite was formed in the hot-dip galvanizing stage, and martensite islands were formed in the final cooling stage after hot-dip galvanizing. By contrast, in the case of process B, the microstructure of the DP600 was composed of ferrite, martensite, bainite, and cementite. In addition, compared with the yield strength (YS) of the DP600 annealed by process A, that for the DP600 annealed by process B increased by approximately 50 MPa because of the tempering of the martensite formed during rapid cooling. The work-hardening coefficient (n value) of the DP600 steel annealed by process B clearly decreased because the increase of the YS affected the computation result for the n value. However, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation (A₈₀) of the DP600 annealed by process B exhibited less variation compared with those of the DP600 annealed by process A. Therefore, DP600 with excellent comprehensive mechanical properties (YS=362 MPa, UTS=638 MPa, A₈₀=24.3%, n=0.17) was obtained via process A.