川东北碳酸盐岩气藏酸—岩反应特征研究

对川东北普光气田飞仙关组、嘉陵江组、长兴组碳酸盐岩进行了酸—岩溶蚀性试验和酸—岩刻蚀形态实验。并采用旋转岩盘仪,进行了碳酸盐岩酸—岩反应动力学研究。结果表明,不同的碳酸盐岩储层,由于岩石矿物的非均质性,造成酸对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀性和酸—岩刻蚀形态具有明显的差异,导致酸—岩反应速度不同,因此所建立的反应动力学方程也不同。实验成果完善了川东北区块碳酸盐岩储层酸—岩反应特征研究,为川东北碳酸盐岩储层现场酸化工艺设计和决策提供了科学依据。     

不同种类微生物对碳酸盐岩溶蚀普遍性

表生溶蚀作用是碳酸盐岩储层形成的重要因素.从岩石表面中筛选3种典型微生物,芽孢杆菌Q1、链霉菌Q2和曲霉菌Q3.通过比较不同种类微生物的产酸、溶蚀速率以及在多孔介质中溶蚀的动态模拟实验,研究了微生物对碳酸盐岩的表生溶蚀作用的普遍性.结果 表明,各实验体系中pH、钙离子浓度均发生了有规律的变化,其中曲霉菌Q3的产酸能力与溶蚀效果最显著,5 d内使培养体系的pH降低了2.69,Q3-方解岩和Q3-白云岩培养体系中Ca2+浓度分别达到了327 mg/L和258 mg/L.同时,微生物在多孔介质中对白云岩的溶蚀实验表明,曲霉菌Q3的岩心溶蚀能力也强于芽孢杆菌Q1和链霉菌Q2.研究表明,微生物不但能够对岩石表面产生溶蚀作用,也能够在多孔介质中也对碳酸盐岩等产生溶蚀作用.微生物对碳酸盐岩溶蚀作用具有普遍性,微生物岩溶很有可能发生在较广泛的表层岩石范围内,促进碳酸盐岩储层的形成.     

乙酸溶蚀方解石的影响因素及特征分析

碳酸盐岩储层是全球油气主要储集体,对油气储层的开发有十分重要的意义。通过对典型碳酸盐在不同条件下的溶蚀实验,厘清其溶蚀控制因素以及热力学与动力学关系,进而探讨其发育机理。为此,以高纯度方解石为研究对象,在不同温度、矿化度、离子类型以及p H条件下进行方解石溶蚀模拟实验,通过原子吸收光谱仪(AAS)、X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)以及扫描电镜(SEM)等分析手段,并结合热力学计算,探究了不同地层条件下方解石溶蚀曲线变化规律、热力学与动力学之间关系以及溶蚀形貌特征。结果表明:(1)方解石的溶蚀量以及Ca~(2+)释放规律均随温度、矿化度、离子类型以及p H呈现规律性的变化;(2)中深埋层(100~130℃)、适中矿化度(29.25 g/L)、较小p H的地层条件更有利于方解石矿物的溶解,促进优质方解石矿物储层的形成;(3)相对封闭的地层环境下,乙酸溶蚀方解石的溶蚀速率r与反应ΔG关系式为r=2.047×10~(-8)[1+e~*+(0.748(ΔG+18.61))]-4.11×10~(13);(4)方解石溶蚀反应优先发生在具有高自由能表面和活性位点的表面断裂、凸凹点及边缘处,并且由溶孔到溶蚀坑,再到溶蚀带,随后形成溶蚀晶锥,最后裸露出新的晶面的过程进行。     

乙酸溶蚀方解石影响因素探究及特征分析

碳酸盐岩储层是全球油气主要储集体,对油气储层的开发有十分重要的意义。通过对典型碳酸盐在不同条件下的溶蚀实验,厘清其溶蚀控制因素以及热力学与动力学关系,进而探讨其发育机理。为此,以高纯度方解石为研究对象,在不同温度、矿化度、离子类型以及p H条件下进行方解石溶蚀模拟实验,通过原子吸收光谱仪(AAS)、X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)以及扫描电镜(SEM)等分析手段,并结合热力学计算,探究了不同地层条件下方解石溶蚀曲线变化规律、热力学与动力学之间关系以及溶蚀形貌特征。结果表明:(1)方解石的溶蚀量以及Ca~(2+)释放规律均随温度、矿化度、离子类型以及p H呈现规律性的变化;(2)中深埋层(100~130℃)、适中矿化度(29.25 g/L)、较小p H的地层条件更有利于方解石矿物的溶解,促进优质方解石矿物储层的形成;(3)相对封闭的地层环境下,乙酸溶蚀方解石的溶蚀速率r与反应ΔG关系式为r=2.047×10~(-8)[1+e~*+(0.748(ΔG+18.61))]-4.11×10~(13);(4)方解石溶蚀反应优先发生在具有高自由能表面和活性位点的表面断裂、凸凹点及边缘处,并且由溶孔到溶蚀坑,再到溶蚀带,随后形成溶蚀晶锥,最后裸露出新的晶面的过程进行。     

储层岩石矿物成分对酸蚀裂缝导流能力的影响

储层岩石矿物成分是酸压改造效果影响因素之一。研究认为,在储层岩石矿物成分中易溶物的含量及分布方式决定了酸蚀裂缝导流能力大小,易溶蚀物的含量越多,岩石溶蚀速率越快。室内测试了不同溶蚀速率下的灰岩和白云岩的酸蚀裂缝导流能力,研究了岩石溶蚀速率、易溶蚀物含量对酸蚀裂缝导流能力的影响,对酸压工艺设计方案提出了指导性建议。研究结果表明,储层岩石溶蚀速率与酸蚀裂缝导流能力增加倍比存在抛物线关系,易溶蚀物占30%40% 时酸蚀裂缝导流能力保持较好。     

松辽盆地梨树断陷天然气优质储层的空间类型与形成机理

松辽盆地梨树断陷三角洲前缘沉积物粒度细和高温热力作用下的成岩作用,致使储层物性整体很差。研究认为,优质储层储集空间为溶蚀(扩大)孔隙+裂隙。优质储层形成的主控因素是溶蚀作用和构造破裂作用。溶蚀作用主要为酸性流体对岩石颗粒的选择性溶蚀,导致次生孔隙增加。溶蚀作用的强弱主要与研究区酸性液体活跃有关。其中细-中砂岩溶蚀较强,而粉砂岩相对较弱。构造作用产生了裂隙,增加了储层的储集性能。研究区产生了2期主要裂隙,早期为登楼库组中—末期形成与伸张断裂有关的拉张缝,晚期为嫩江组末期形成的与走滑断裂有关的挤压隙。裂隙主要发育在断陷东南部。     

塔东地区寒武系碳酸盐岩成岩作用及储层成因机理

通过岩心观察和薄片鉴定,结合阴极发光实验等方法,研究塔东地区寒武系碳酸盐岩成岩作用及储层形成机理。结果表明:研究区寒武系碳酸盐岩沉积后经历了多种成岩作用的改造,既有对储层孔隙发育具有建设性的(白云化作用、溶蚀作用和破裂作用等),又有破坏性的(压实作用、压溶作用、重结晶作用、硅化作用、黄铁矿化作用等)。储层储集空间主要有晶间孔和晶间溶孔、溶蚀孔洞和未充填裂缝空间;储层类型主要有白云岩溶蚀孔隙型和白云岩溶蚀缝孔洞型两类。白云化作用为储层发育提供了基础条件;后期热液溶蚀作用对于储层发育起关键性作用;晚期由于构造破裂作用对于改善储层的储渗性能具有重要意义。白云岩较为发育的斜坡和台地相区与断裂的叠合区域,热液溶蚀和构造破裂更加发育,是研究区寒武系碳酸盐岩优质储层发育的有利区带。     

济阳坳陷四扣洼陷湖相碳酸盐岩岩溶储层特征及其发育模型

综合利用岩心、薄片、测井、地震等资料,研究四扣洼陷古近系沙河街组四段上亚段湖相碳酸盐岩岩溶作用的类型、特征及其对孔隙分布的控制作用。结果表明:四扣洼陷湖相碳酸盐岩储层经历了同生期、早期近地表、表生期和埋藏期岩溶作用。在礁滩体沉积期,大气淡水选择性溶蚀碳酸盐岩中的不稳定组分形成大量的粒内溶孔和铸模孔;随着湖平面的下降,早期弱固结的礁滩体经历了早成岩近地表岩溶作用,形成大量溶蚀缝、洞,原始结构被破坏,并伴有大量的植物根茎及生物;沙四段沉积期后发育的表生岩溶作用平面影响范围大,岩溶储层主要分布于不整合面之下10 m的深度范围内,单个溶洞由顶部垂直溶蚀带、内部充填角砾岩带和底部弱溶蚀带组成;埋藏岩溶作用主要与有机酸溶蚀碳酸盐岩矿物有关,形成了大量的"蜂窝状"和"针孔状"孔隙。多期溶蚀作用是湖相碳酸盐岩优质储层形成的关键,由岸向湖方向,依次发育表生期岩溶储层—同生期和近地表岩溶储层—复合岩溶储层—埋藏岩溶储层。     

川西南龙门硐地区雷口坡组成岩作用及其对储层的影响

雷口坡组地层是四川盆地主要的含油气层系之一,目前对雷口坡组地层的研究主要集中在川东北、川中地区。为了明确川西南峨眉龙门硐地区雷口坡组地层的储层特征和成岩作用类型,通过实地踏勘考察和光学显微镜岩石薄片鉴定,对龙门硐地区雷口坡组地层的优质储层发育段和成岩作用对储层发育的影响进行研究。结果表明:雷一段以泥晶碳酸盐岩为主,储集性能差;雷二段的颗粒滩相碳酸盐岩、雷三段的灰质泻湖相灰岩和颗粒滩相碳酸盐岩,雷四段的岩溶角砾岩为优质储集层;不同的有利储集层段所经历的主要成岩作用不同。研究认为:雷口坡组二段、三段的有利储集层段所经历的主要建设性成岩作用为埋藏期溶蚀作用、渗透回流白云石化和埋藏期白云石化作用,白云石化作用为后期溶蚀作用的发生提供了有利条件;主要破坏性成岩作用为埋藏期胶结作用。雷口坡组四段的主要建设性成岩作用为表生期溶蚀作用。     

塔里木盆地岩溶储层发育特征及控制因素探讨

塔里木盆地中、下奥陶统碳酸盐岩地层为古岩溶发育和海相缝洞型油气藏的主要分布层位,该类型油气藏主要储集空间为溶蚀作用和构造过程形成的次生孔隙、洞穴和裂缝,是寻找大型油气藏的主要目标.论文通过比较塔北地区和塔中地区储集层岩石孔隙度和渗透率,按储层成因将孔-洞-缝油藏划分为洞穴型储层、构造裂缝型储层、风化裂隙型储层、台缘礁滩相颗粒灰岩溶蚀孔隙型储层和地表残积物裂隙-孔隙(洞)型储层等5种类型.塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩油气藏成藏控制因素包括:(1)长期继承性的古隆起和古斜坡;(2)断层和不整合面;(3)次生孔-洞-缝储层的发育和有效盖层结合.多源、长期成藏,早期储层改造和后期调整是塔里木盆地油藏的主要特征,并决定了资源结构和油气特性。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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