一种基于自适应粒子滤波的多层感知器学习算法

针对神经网络状态空间模型中系统噪声统计特性未知导致滤波发散或者滤波精度不高的问题,提出一种自适应的粒子滤波神经网络训练算法.该算法用粒子滤波估计网络的权时,利用序贯更新先验信息的序贯可信度最大化方法在线估计未知系统噪声方差.仿真结果表明:该自适应粒子滤波算法明显优于其他传统的神经网络训练算法,如扩展卡尔曼滤波、噪声可调的扩展卡曼滤波、普通粒子滤波等.     

一种基于粒子滤波的跳频信号频率跟踪技术

为了能在未知跳频模式或跳频时刻的条件下,实时估计跳频信号的频率,提出了1种相位粒子滤波的跳频信号频率跟踪算法.首先建立了跳频信号的相位统计模型;然后通过粒子滤波算法实现对信号相位的后验概率密度估计;最后通过相位的后验概率密度实现对跳频频率的最小均方误差估计.算法使用序贯重要性采样技术实现粒子权值的迭代更新,采用系统重采...     

基于雷达原始幅度数据的目标跟踪性能分析与实现

由于扫描跟踪雷达使用的天线波束在空间中的扩展特性,一个目标可被顺序扫描的波束或同时照射的堆积波束观测到;类似地,雷达信号模糊函数的扩展特性使得理想点目标的回波经过匹配滤波后的输出在时延-多普勒平面上是扩展的,这种空、时、频的扩展特性使得,与同一目标有关的多个波束的多个时延-多普勒采样单元都包含了目标信息,这种效应可以用采样单元的参数、目标参数以及模糊函数、方向图描述.传统的雷达信号处理对这些信息的利用非常有限,为此通过建立原始数据的幅度分布模型描述这些信息,并以此为基础研究基于雷达原始幅度数据进行跟踪的后验克拉美罗限(posteriorCramer-Raobound,PCRB).分析表明,与传统的先估计目标参数后跟踪的方式相比,利用这些信息进行跟踪可以改善跟踪性能.粒子滤波是实现这种跟踪方式的一种可行算法;针对传统实现方法中将回波幅度作为目标状态的一维并对之采样造成的运算量较大的问题,提出了一种避免幅度维采样的跟踪算法,仿真表明,该算法能以较低的运算量获得较好的跟踪性能.     

基于GHF高斯粒子滤波的检测前跟踪算法

针对粒子滤波存在粒子退化,会导致检测前跟踪(TBD)算法的检测和跟踪性能下降这一不足,提出了一种基于高斯-哈密顿滤波(GHF)高斯粒子滤波的TBD算法.该算法基于高斯粒子滤波,采用GHF算法构造的重要性密度函数采样连续出现粒子,考虑了最新的量测信息,采样粒子更逼近于真实的后验概率密度,克服了粒子退化问题.仿真结果表明:与基本TBD算法相比,所提出的TBD算法提高了对目标的检测和跟踪性能.     

非高斯条件下基于粒子滤波的目标跟踪

介绍了粒子滤波的基本思想和具体算法实现步骤，在给出的闪烁噪声统计模型基础上，将粒子滤波算法应用在雷达目标跟踪中，解决了闪烁噪声情况下的雷达目标跟踪问题．仿真结果表明，在满足高斯噪声条件下，扩展卡尔曼算法和粒子滤波算法跟踪性能相近，但若考虑雷达的闪烁噪声，则随着闪烁影响增强，扩展卡尔曼算法跟踪性能严重下降，而粒子滤波算法能继续保持较好的跟踪精度．     

基于小波变换的粒子滤波目标跟踪算法

针对纯方位被动目标跟踪中粒子滤波算法固有的计算复杂性问题,提出了一种基于小波变换的粒子滤波算法(WMPF).对粒子权重进行小波多分辨率分解,通过设定阈值对高通部分的粒子权重进行滤波,再根据重构后的粒子权重去掉重复粒子,生成新的粒子集来近似后验概率密度函数,从而在保证滤波精度的同时大量减少粒子数,提高粒子滤波的计算效率.将WMPF算法与标准粒子滤波算法应用于具有非线性非高斯特点的纯方位目标跟踪问题,仿真结果表明,WMPF算法的跟踪精度与标准粒子滤波算法相当,计算效率却远高于标准粒子滤波算法,增强了跟踪的实时性,并且该算法有望进一步扩展粒子滤波的应用范围.     

船舶导航雷达目标回波信号特征分析

利用实测记录的雷达目标回波视频信号对不同目标的回波面积、形状复杂度和幅度相关性等特征参数的统计特性进行分析.结果表明,同一目标的特征参数具有较强的相关性和稳定性,可以用于雷达目标检测和跟踪算法,有利于提高检测和跟踪性能;也可以用于雷达目标模拟,使模拟的雷达目标信号特性更接近真实目标回波信号.     

禁忌搜索粒子滤波算法在目标跟踪中的应用

雷达目标跟踪量测系统常受到闪烁噪声干扰,导致传统滤波算法的滤波性能急剧下降甚至发散。针对标准粒子滤波算法存在粒子退化的缺陷,重采样环节引入禁忌搜索思想,提出了禁忌搜索扩展卡尔曼粒子滤波算法,驱散局部最优的粒子集,使其向全局最优位置靠近,提高采样粒子的有效性。结合交互多模型（IMM）,将算法与IMM-PF算法进行仿真比较,结果表明该算法对机动目标具有较优的跟踪性能。     

基于人工免疫重采样粒子滤波的单通道盲源分离

针对单通道盲源分离重采样过程中出现的粒子枯竭现象,提出了一种基于人工免疫重采样粒子滤波的新算法.以二进制相移键控调制信号为例,针对传统粒子滤波算法中存在的粒子枯竭现象,利用人工免疫重采样粒子滤波进行信号未知参数和码元的最大后验概率估计,在保证粒子有效性的同时解决了粒子退化问题,有效地缓解了粒子枯竭现象,提高了算法的跟踪估计能力.仿真结果证明了该算法的可行性和有效性,改进后的算法在不加纠错编码,信噪比大于14 dB的情况下,误码率小于10-2,基本实现了信号的盲源分离.     

一种基于鲁棒性的计算机视觉目标跟踪算法

为解决由于大面积遮挡引起的观测模型噪声协方差增大、滤波精度和稳定性降低的问题,提出了一种有效的鲁棒遮挡视频目标跟踪方法.首先,提出了一种适应于噪声统计特性未知的无迹扩展H_∞滤波方法,将UT变换引入到适用于噪声统计特性未知的扩展H_∞滤波中取代复杂的雅克比矩阵计算,并采用生成的无迹扩展H_∞滤波优化重要性概率密度函数;然后,将遮挡引起的目标模型的变化看作是观测噪声统计特性的变化,在PF的框架内建立目标状态估计与噪声统计特性之间的关系,将粒子预测值和基于当前观测信息的估计值进行权重求和处理,通过状态和观测模型的噪声协方差自适应调整权值大小来克服遮挡情况下目标观测信息的失效问题.最后,给出了具体实现步骤.实验结果表明,该方法具有较好的跟踪精度和稳定性,即使在大面积遮挡情况下,对粒子的更新概率仍然保持在90%左右.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-