低纬高原地区不同强度降水日数变化及其与20092011年干旱的联系

根据低纬高原地区19612011年逐日降水量台站观测资料,利用趋势分析、小波分析等统计诊断方法对低纬高原地区不同强度降水的时空分异特征进行研究,结果表明:低纬高原地区降水事件以小雨和中雨为主,其日数占总降水日数的90 %以上,产生的降水量也达到总降水量的60 %以上.小雨和中雨量级降水日数与低纬高原总降水日数及总降水量的U型分布特征较为相似,但大雨及暴雨量级降水日数与总降水日数的空间分布差异明显.伴随着全球增暖,低纬高原地区东部小雨及中雨量级降水事件发生频率显著减少,导致低纬高原东部地区的总降水量呈现明显减少的趋势.而低纬高原西部地区,各量级降水日数变化趋势在空间上存在较大差异,各量级降水日数对总降水量贡献相互抵消,导致低纬高原西部地区总降水量变化趋势不明显.对造成20092011年连续严重干旱的各等级降水频次贡献进行分析,结果表明中雨量级降水频次异常偏少在此次严重干旱事件的发生、发展中起决定性作用.     

1960-2014年河南极端降水特征分析

基于河南1960-2014年17个气象台站日降水实测数据,采用线性趋势与分析方法,根据选取的9个极端降水指数,分析了河南省极端降水的时间演化和空间分布,探讨了影响极端降水的因素.结果表明:(1)河南极端降水指数多年均值的空间分布整体呈现由北向南连续干日数减弱、年总降水量和大雨暴雨日数增多,自西向东平均日降水强度增强的分布规律.(2)该区极端降水指数长期演变趋势存在一定的空间差异.大部分地区降水量减少,但发生干旱和大到暴雨的日数却增加;而河南东部地区的极端降水事件呈现增强趋势,南部地区则表现为减弱趋势.(3)极端降水指数具有明显的年际和年代际时间变化规律,整体表现为20世纪80年代早期偏多、90年代偏少、21世纪后又增多的特点.河南地区极端降水变化符合我国中部和北部地区极端降水整体呈减少趋势的研究结果;引起其变化的重要原因为异常大气环流所致.而由于极端降水事件本身的特殊性和复杂性,区域内极端降水事件的物理成因和机制还需要深入研究.     

Community Climate Model 3模拟夏季极端降水的初步分析

采用累积频率的统计方法和Community Climate Model 3(CCM3)模拟的10年逐日降水结果,分析了模拟的夏季极端降水事件的时空分布特征.结果表明,CCM3模拟的极端降水阈值的大值区主要在我国黄河和长江流域的上游、印度半岛及其邻近海域和孟加拉湾及其北部地区.CCM3能够模拟出我国长江流域极端降水量与极端降水日数显著增加的趋势.对极端降水平均强度、降水日数以及极端降水量与总降水量比值的经验正交函数(EOF)分析可知,我国大部分地区的极端降水基本呈现同相变化,且以长江和黄河中游地区较为显著.CCM3模式基本能够模拟出观测到的极端降水阈值与总降水、极端降水日数及其距平的高空间相关性.     

楚雄州汛期极端降水时空分布特征

利用1961-2010年中国地面降水日值格点数据集,采用百分位阈值、小波分析和MK检验等方法,对楚雄州汛期极端降水的时空分布特征进行了分析.结果表明:1极端降水阈值、极端降水总量及极端降水强度的空间分布具有一致性,呈现由东北-西南连线分别向西北及东南部递减,东北-西南一线呈现由东北及西南两端向中部递减的趋势;极端降水日数呈现出由南部及东北部向北部及西北部递减的趋势.2极端降水总量及极端降水日数具有较为显著且一致的年际波动特征,而极端降水强度年际波动特征不明显.3极端降水总量及极端降水强度均呈不明显上升趋势,而极端降水日数无明显变化.4极端降水总量、极端降水日数及极端降水强度均存在25年左右的主震荡周期,且极端降水总量与极端降水日数周期变化较为一致.     

我国长江中下游地区降水变化趋势分析

利用1951—2001年10个代表站的逐日降水观测资料，运用线性趋势法分析了51年来长江中下游地区年和季的降水量、降水日数和降水强度的变化趋势，用Mann—Kendall法对降水日数和降水强度的突变进行了检验，并对日降水量分级别讨论了各等级对总降水量贡献的变化趋势．分析表明：（1）该区域年降水量变化趋势不明显，但春季和夏季降水量分别有显著减少和增加的趋势；（2）除夏季外，其余各季和年的降水日数均为显著减少，且年降水日数减少的突变发生在1977—1978年之间；（3）由于年降水量的微弱增加和年降水日数的显著减少，导致年降水强度的显著增加，且年降水强度的突变发生在20世纪80年代中期；（4）年降水强度增加主要是由于暴雨（日降水量≥50．0mm）对降水总量贡献的增加，而暴雨对降水总量贡献的增加又是由于其对降水日数贡献的增加，因为暴雨本身强度的变化趋势不显著．     

1961-2010年云南省极端降水时空变化特征

基于云南省1961-2010年0.25°×0.25°的逐日气象格点数据,包括日平均温度、日最高温度、日最低温度以及日降水量,通过STARDEX Diagnostic Extremes Indices Software计算出57个极端气候指数,并选取其中的7项主要极端降水指数,运用Mann-Kenddall秩次检验方法和Arcgis 10.1进行空间制图比较分析云南省极端降水在时空上的变化特征.结果表明:云南省日降水量强度和较强降水阈值、最大5日降水量、湿日平均降水量的空间分布由南向北逐渐减少,表现出非常显著的空间差异;滇西、滇西南及滇南边沿地区日降水量强度、较强降水阈值、最大5日降水量和湿日平均降水量均达到云南省较大值,较强降水日数也较多,最长连续干日数较短,而滇西北东南部地区日降水量强度、较强降水阈值、最大5日降水量和湿日平均降水量均为云南省最低值,较强降水日数最少,最长连续干日数较长;总体来看,近50年来云南省日降水量强度在大部分地区呈不明显的下降趋势.     

1965-2013年黄土高原地区极端降水事件时空变化特征

基于黄土高原地区52个气象站点1965-2013年逐日降水数据,辅以一元线性趋势分析、相关分析、Mann-Kendall检验及反距离加权插值(IDW)等方法,本文分析了黄土高原地区极端降水事件时空变化特征.结果表明:1)时间上,持续性指标和强度指标中除降水强度(SDⅡ)外均呈现减小的趋势;绝对指标和相对指标中除R10 mm降水日数(R10 mm)外,其他指数均呈现增加的趋势,但均未通过0.05显著性水平检验.2)空间上,就持续性指标来看,连续无雨日数(CDD)增加趋势最大的位于区域Ⅲ,连续降水日数(CWD)和年降水总量(PRCPTOT)在区域Ⅱ的北部的增幅最大;强度指标中,1d最大降水量(RX1 day)和5d最大降水量(RX5 day)在区域Ⅱ的中部和北部增幅最大,SDⅡ增幅最大的地区主要集中在区域工和区域Ⅱ的北部地区;绝对指标中,R10 mm、R20 mm降水日数(R20 mm)和R25 mm降水日数(R25 mm)的趋势变化呈由南向北增加的趋势;相对指标中,异常降水日数(R95p)和极端降水日数(R99p)增幅最大的地区主要集中在区域Ⅱ.3)CDD与经度、纬度呈显著的负相关,年降水总量(PRCPTOT)、R10 mm和R25 mm与纬度呈显著正相关,其他极端降水指数与经纬度和海拔高度的相关性不显著.4)主成分分析的结果表明2类极端降水指数的总贡献率达到80.73％,除CDD外,其他极端降水指数与PRCPTOT均具有良好的相关性,且均通过了0.01显著性水平检验.5)Hurst指数结果表明黄土高原地区CDD、SDⅡ、R10 mm、R20 mm和R25 mm极端降水指数变化均呈反向变化特征,其他极端降水指数呈同向变化特征.     

近50年来江西省极端天气的变化趋势分析

基于江西省14个气象站点1960-2010年逐日平均气温、日最高气温、日最低气温和降水量观测数据,选取13个极端天气指数,通过线性回归、Mann-Kendall检验法和累积距平等方法,对江西省极端天气事件的时空变化趋势进行分析。研究发现1960-2010年江西省整体呈变暖的趋势,年均气温升高0.176℃/10a;极端高温事件呈增多的趋势、极端低温事件呈减少的趋势,并且在1986-2010年这个子阶段内这个趋势更为显著。从降水来看,1960-2010年间各极端降水指数值均呈升高趋势;同时在年降水总量增加的站点,极端降水指数与降水量是成比例增加的,而对于年总降水量减少的站点,并没有类似的对极端降水事件的明显响应。研究对于掌握气候变化背景下江西省极端天气变化情况具有重要意义。     

新疆南疆地区近50年来极端气候事件分析

为探讨新疆南疆地区近50年来极端气候事件,采用1961-2008年新疆南疆地区22个气象站点的逐日降水量、最高气温和最低气温数据,计算了20个极端气候指标,采用线性拟合方法分析了该地区近50年来极端气候事件的时空变化特征。结果表明:南疆地区极端降水和极端气温事件整体上都呈显著增加趋势。其中简单降水强度指数、年湿期降水总量、月最大1日降水量、月最大5日降水量及强降水量分别以0.79、59.9、4.52、7.56和23.32mm/10a的趋势增加,连续干日以-2.39 d/10a减小;南疆地区北部(天山山脉以南的带状区域)极端降水指数增长最快,南部和东部次之,塔里木盆地也显示出了微弱的上升趋势,西部部分站点则呈现较微弱的下降趋势;日最高温度的月极小值、日最低温度的月极小值、日最高温度的月极大值、日最低温度的月极大值、暖夜指数、暖日指数、夏日数、逐日温度差等都显示出上升趋势,而霜冻日数、结冰日数、冷夜指数、冷日指数和冷期长度指数都呈下降趋势,其中,逐日温度差和冷夜指数都呈波动减小的趋势,冷日指数呈先增大后减小的趋势,暖夜和暖日指数则呈先减小后增大的趋势,冷期长度指数呈先下降再上升达到峰值而后下降的趋势。     

甘肃陇中安家沟小流域日降水格局

利用1981-2009年生长季日降水资料,对陇中黄土高原安家沟小流域日降水格局及脉动特征进行研究.结果表明:生长季年均降水量为271.56 mm,年际变异系数为29.14%.降水事件以≤5 mm的降水为主,占全年降水事件的44.55%;≥10 mm的降水频率很低,但对年降水的贡献大,占降水总量的64.87%.0～10d降水间隔期(无降水日)所占比例最大,为年无降水期的87.03%;>10d降水间隔期呈增加趋势.近30年来,≤5 mm/d的降水呈下降趋势,而≥10 mm/d的降水略有上升,年内总降水日数与降水量均呈下降趋势.     

Projected change in extreme rainfall events in China by the end of the 21st century using CMIP5 models

Projection of future climate changes and their regional impact is critical for long-term planning at the national and regional levels aimed at adaptation and mitigation. This study assesses the future changes in precipitation in China and the associated atmospheric circulation patterns using the Couple Model Intercomparison Project 5 Phase (CMIP5) simulations under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The results consistently indicate that the annual precipitation in China is projected to significantly increase at the end of the 21st century compared to the present-day levels. The number of days and the intensity of medium rain, large rain and heavy rain are obviously increased, while the number of trace rain days is projected to decrease over the entire area of China. Further analysis indicates that the significant increase of annual precipitation in Northwest China is primarily due to the increase of light rain and the increases in North and Northeast China are primarily due to the increase of medium rain. In the region of southern China, the increases of large rain and heavy rain play an important role in the increase of annual precipitation, while light rain events play a negative role. Analysis of the changes in atmospheric circulation indicates that the East Asian summer monsoon circulation is projected to be considerably stronger, and the local atmospheric stratification is projected to be more unstable, all of which provide a background benefit for the increase of precipitation and extreme rainfall events in China under global warming scenarios.     

Observation of mega-dune evaporation after various rain events in the hinterland of Badain Jaran Desert, China

The formation mechanisms of the mega-dunes and lakes in the hinterland of Badain Jaran Desert,China,is the focus of extensive academic research in the field of geoscience,and an often debated topic is whether atmospheric precipitation on the mega-dune can infiltrate to recharge groundwater.In the present study,the probability distribution functions and the return period analysis of extreme daily precipitation based on long-term precipitation records for the southern margin of Badain Jaran Desert and 2-year observation of hinterland precipitation were used to classify precipitation in the desert region.The data of automatic weather station and eddy covariance system in the desert hinterland were used to analyze evaporation on the mega-dune surface after various rain events.The results showed that the rain events in the desert could be divided into three categories.The first is conventional precipitation(CP),which is below 5 mm,accounting for roughly 90%of all rain events in the desert.The second and third categories are ordinary annual maximum(OAM)and extreme precipitation(EP),in which precipitation is roughly 20 mm and more than 40 mm,respectively.The atmospheric precipitation of CP and OAM evaporated from the megadune surface in 1–3 days and 3–4 weeks,respectively.Following an EP event,the mega-dune evaporation was negatively influenced by the upper dry sand layer,and a lengthy period was required for its complete removal.The accumulative evaporation and accumulative precipitation of all three types of rain events indicated that local atmospheric precipitation had no significant contribution to recharging the groundwater system in the hinterland of Badain Jaran Desert.This research will benefit comprehensive elucidation of the formation mechanism of lakes in the hinterland of Badain Jaran Desert.     

Trends of the precipitation acidity over China during 1992–2006

The trends of the precipitation acidity from 1992 to 2006 were studied, based on the long-term acid rain observations at 74 sites in China. The results show that there was no remarkable change or extension of acid rain area (i.e., with annual mean of precipitation pH<5.6) during the 15 years. The largest and continuous acid rain area exists in the south of the Yangtze River, while the acid rain areas north of the Yangtze River remain separate. The severe acid rain area (i.e., with annual mean of precipitation pH<4.5) exists mainly in the south of the Yangtze River. The overall precipitation acidity for the 74 stations showed different trends before 1999 and after 2000. In the period 1992–1999, the precipitation acidity at most of the sites remained steady or showed a decreasing trend. After 2000, however, an increasing trend of the precipitation acidity was observed at many sites in North China, Central China, East China, and South China. As a result, the pattern of acid rain area changed during 1992–2006. The precipitation over North China, Central China, and South China became more acidified in the 15 years, with more pronounced trends in North China and the north of Central China. A slight decrease in the precipitation acidity was found in Southwest China, an area characterized as severest acid rain area for about two decades after the early 1980s. Consequently, the center of severe acid rain area in the south of the Yangtze River moved eastwards. The non-hydrogen conductivity (NHC), which is defined as the difference between the measured precipitation conductivity and the H+ conductivity calculated from measured pH, was estimated and treated as a proxy of soluble ions in precipitation. The result shows that the overall trend of the NHC before 1999 was pronounced and positive, while the trend after 2000 was inconspicuous or slightly negative. During 2000–2006, the change rate of pH was positively correlated to that of the NHC at 21 sites, implying that the increasing acidities found at these sites may partly be attributed to the decrease in the concentration of airborne particulate matter in recent years.     

Spatial and temporal variations of light rain events over China and the mid-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere

Based on observed daily precipitation data, monthly gridded radiosonde upper air temperature and sea surface temperature data from the UK Met Office Hadley Centre, monthly surface air temperature from the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia and the NCEP/NCAR monthly reanalysis data, this study investigates the spatial and temporal variations of light rain events over China and the mid-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during 1961-2010, and discusses the relationship between the change of light rain events and atmospheric stability, sea surface temperature and atmospheric circulation. The light rain events over East China display a decreasing trend of 3.0%/10 a in summer and winter half years. Over Northwest China, an increasing trend of 4.1%/10 a is found in winter half years, but there is no trend in summer half years. Using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, it is found that the first two principal components of light rain events over the mid-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere show long time scale variations in summer and winter half years. The first EOF modes (EOF1s) for summer and winter half years both depict a long-term increase in light rain events over North America and Southern Europe as well as Northwest China (except in summer half years), and a long-term decrease over most of the Eurasia (Central Europe, Eastern Europe, North Asia and East China). The second EOF mode (EOF2) for summer half year shows that light rain events increase over North America, Southern Europe and South China, but decrease over Eurasia north of 45°N from 1961 to early 1980s, while the trends reverse from late 1980s to 2010. The second EOF mode (EOF2) for winter half years indicates that light rain events increase over North America and South and North China, but decrease over Eurasia north of 40°N from 1961 to early 1980s, while the trends reverse from late 1980s to 2009. Correlation analysis and linear regression analysis suggest that EOF1s may be related to the change in atmospheric static stability associated with global warming, and EOF2s are possibly linked to the AMO.     

近47年城市化发展对沈阳区域局地气候的影响研究

利用1959—2005年沈阳及周边郊区4县(康平、新民、法库、辽中)台站的气候观测资料,研究分析了沈阳城区、郊区气温、降水量、相对湿度、风速的变化趋势和特点。在此基础上,探讨了城市化发展对沈阳区域气候变化产生的影响。研究发现:1)近47年来,沈阳平均气温上升显著,其中冬季、春季增暖幅度最大,夏季最弱。同时,沈阳郊区增暖幅度略大于城区增暖幅度。2)沈阳年降水量、相对湿度、平均风速整体均呈下降趋势,降幅以平均风速最大,降水量最小。沈阳降水量的季节变化比较复杂,冬季降水量轻微增加。分析结果显示,沈阳城市化发展对区域局地气候产生了重要影响,尤其是近年来对郊区气温影响显著。另外,城市化进程对平均气温、风速的影响比其对相对湿度、降水量的影响更为显著、直接。     

中国地区不同强度降水的变化趋势

利用中国521个地面气象观测站1961?2000年的日降水资料, 分析了0.1 ～4.9 ,5 ～9.9 ,10 ～16.9 ,17 ～24.9, 25 ～37.9 ,38 ～49.9 ,50 ～74.9 ,75 ～99.9 mm 和大于100 mm共9个不同量级降水的降水量、降水日数和日平均降水强度的变化趋势。结果表明, 对各区域最小降水量级(0.1～4.9mm)的降水, 其降水日数的变化起着主导的作用,而对于各区域最大降水量级的降水, 降水强度的变化起着决定性的作用。降水频率和降水量百分比的分析显示,除华北和四川盆地两个区域外, 其他地区强降水出现的频率和降水量百分比都趋于增加, 强降水对总降水量的贡献呈现增大的趋势。     

基于质心分析的淮河流域降水时空分布特征

为定量表征淮河流域降水量非均匀性特征,建立年降水质心时间指标,以概化年内降水过程时间分布,从时域、空域、频域3个维度解析流域近55 a降水质心时间的总体格局与演变规律。结果表明:各典型站点近55a降水质心时间序列中全部存在28a的第一主周期;年降水质心时间序列突变年份多发生于1975—1989年,突变主要集中于淮河上中游地区;年降水质心时间序列多呈现不显著的增加趋势,说明流域大部分地区年降水集中期有微弱的后移倾向;年降水质心时间随纬度增加而呈现明显的后推趋势,流域南北地区年降水质心时间可相差20 d左右,经度变化对年降水质心时间没有明显影响;淮河流域暴雨与大雨质心时间普遍迟于其他等级年降水质心时间,流域年降水质心时间对暴雨、大雨较为敏感。     

近47年城市化发展对沈阳区域局地气候的影响研究

利用1959-2005年沈阳及周边郊区4县（康平、新民、法库、辽中）台站的气候观测资料,研究分析了沈阳城区、郊区气温、降水量、相对湿度、风速的变化趋势和特点。在此基础上,探讨了城市化发展对沈阳区域气候变化产生的影响。研究发现：1) 近47年来,沈阳平均气温上升显著,其中冬季、春季增暖幅度最大,夏季最弱。同时,沈阳郊区增暖幅度略大于城区增暖幅度。2) 沈阳年降水量、相对湿度、平均风速整体均呈下降趋势,降幅以平均风速最大,降水量最小。沈阳降水量的季节变化比较复杂,冬季降水量轻微增加。分析结果显示,沈阳城市化发展对区域局地气候产生了重要影响,尤其是近年来对郊区气温影响显著。另外,城市化进程对平均气温、风速的影响比其对相对湿度、降水量的影响更为显著、直接。