不同围压下柱状节理岩体三轴力学试验研究

为了研究白鹤滩水电站坝址区柱状节理岩体的力学性质,采用相似原理制作与柱状节理岩体结构和物理力学性质相近的柱状节理物理模型试样,借助岩石全自动三轴流变伺服系统,开展了不同围压条件下柱状节理模型试样三轴力学试验研究,分析了不同围压对柱状节理岩体的强度、破坏模式和损伤的影响.研究结果表明:柱状节理模型试样的峰值强度与围压呈正相关关系;柱状节理模型试样在较低围压作用下沿节理面的滑移破坏,在较高围压作用下破坏模式为剪切滑移破坏;在三轴压缩过程中,围压对减缓柱状节理岩样的轴向损伤有一定的影响.     

节理倾角对类岩石试样力学特性影响试验研究

白鹤滩水电站坝基岩体柱状节理十分发育,岩体中存在许多复杂节理面,各向异性特性十分显著.为了研究柱状节理岩体的各向异性特性,采用模型试验方法,考虑横向贯通节理,制作具有不同柱体倾角(β=0~90°)的正四棱柱形试样,通过单轴压缩试验得到柱状节理岩体在不同节理倾角β下的单轴抗压强度、变形模量和峰值应变,分别分析了不同倾角下应力-应变曲线、峰值强度、变形模量、峰值应变及破坏类型的特性,得到以下结论:倾角β=0~15°以及75~90°范围时,应力-应变曲线存在多峰现象,β=30~60°范围时,应力-应变曲线以单峰为主;单轴抗压强度在β=60°时取得最小值,β=90°时取得最大值,试件强度各向异性比K_c为11.12,属于极高各向异性;变形模量在β=60°时取得最小值,β=90°时取得最大值;峰值应变在β=60°时取得最小值,β=30°时取得最大值;试样主要有沿材料的劈裂破坏和沿贯通节理面的滑移破坏两种破坏模式.     

柱状节理岩体相似材料力学特性试验研究

通过柱状节理岩体模型试验探究白鹤滩水电站坝区柱状节理岩体各向异性特征.使用了模拟岩体内部节理的新方式——3D打印制作不同倾角六棱柱形节理试件,以树脂为节理打印材料,水泥砂浆为模型材料,通过立方体试件单轴压缩试验考察节理岩体强度随倾角0°~45°变化的各向异性特征.试验结果表明:岩体压缩强度随着节理面延伸方向与竖直方向的夹角的逐渐增大而减小,单轴压缩下柱体破坏模式主要为剪切破坏.     

渗流作用下柱状节理岩体强度特性试验

为研究白鹤滩水电站柱状节理玄武岩在高渗透压力作用下的强度特性,采用与水电站现场岩体物理力学性质相近的人工材料,制作具有相同节理构造的柱状节理岩体模型试样,开展了不同渗透压力的渗流应力耦合三轴力学试验,分析了渗透压力对柱状节理岩体的破坏模式、强度和渗流量的影响。试验结果表明:渗流作用下柱状节理岩体的破坏模式为沿着节理倾角的滑移破坏;渗流作用下的柱状节理岩体具有较低的强度,三轴压缩峰值强度与渗透压力呈负相关关系;应力应变曲线可分为4个阶段,渗流量随应力应变曲线呈现出阶段性特征,渗透压力对岩体强度和渗流量影响较明显。     

柱状节理玄武岩卸荷力学特性的数值模拟

白鹤滩水电站厂区内的柱状节理玄武岩是由原生节理与隐晶裂隙共同切割形成的节理岩体.由于两种节理的形成机理、结构形式、空间产状、力学特性的不同,使得柱状节理玄武岩在不同应力状态下,具有不同的破坏模式.利用D-CRDM分析方法对柱状节理玄武岩卸荷过程进行了计算分析,同时结合现场声波测试结果分析柱状节理玄武岩的破坏机理与模式.研究表明:卸荷过程中原生节理在张拉作用下易产生表层的剥离破坏,而隐晶裂隙在拉、压状态下均会产生开裂破坏,并诱发岩体的整体失稳.岩体的现场破坏证明了该研究结果的正确性,同时研究结果为洞室的岩体支护方式的选择提供了参考依据.     

层状节理岩体变形特性数值模拟研究

层状节理岩体变形特性的研究,对于实际工程确定其力学参数具有重要参考作用.本文选取层状节理岩体为研究对象,分别建立不同倾角、不同尺寸层状节理岩体三维数值计算模型,采用FLAC3D软件模拟单轴压缩试验,研究了层状节理岩体不同方向弹性模量的各向异性特性和尺寸效应.研究表明:沿节理走向的弹性模量受节理倾角和模型尺寸影响极小;沿倾向和高程方向的弹性模量随节理倾角增大呈U型分布,且具对称性,其各向异性特性显著;随着模型尺寸增大,不同倾角层状节理岩体的弹性模量变化规律不一致,但总体减小且趋于稳定;采用多项式拟合层状节理岩体主要变形方向的变形参数函数并求导,可确定其典型单元体尺寸和等效变形参数.     

基于离散裂隙网络与离散元耦合方法的礼让隧道岩体力学参数确定

为了准确地确定礼让隧道节理岩体力学参数,采用3DEC程序中离散裂隙网络(discrete fracture network, DFN)技术,建立了能反映节理裂隙分布特征的离散裂隙网络模型。在此基础上,结合室内岩石、节理力学试验,运用等效岩体技术及3DEC程序,建立基于离散裂隙网络-离散元(discrete fracture network-discrete element method,DFN-DEM)耦合方法的等效岩体模型,并构建反映工程岩体节理分布特征的多尺度等效节理岩体计算模型;通过对多尺度等效节理岩体计算模型进行单轴压缩试验,获取岩体峰前及峰后的力学性质,分析节理岩体的尺寸效应、各向异性、表征单元体及等效岩体力学参数。结果表明:DFN-DEM耦合技术解决了非贯通节理的建模问题;随着等效岩体尺度增大,节理岩体峰值强度、弹性模量逐渐减小,各向异性特性逐渐减弱,且尺度达到5 m×5 m×10 m趋于稳定得到表征单元体;表征单元体尺度下等效岩体力学参数为弹性模量9 GPa、单轴抗压强度0.7 MPa、内摩擦角25°、黏聚力0.3 MPa、抗拉强度0.12 MPa,与Hoek-Brown强度准则所得力学参数对比,两者较为接近。该法为研究工程岩体的稳定性提供了数据基础。     

断续节理岩体尺寸效应的数值模拟研究

基于细观统计损伤数值模型,通过统计宏观节理分布,建立包含随机节理的岩体模型。在不同尺寸的模型中,通过改变节理倾角、围压等,建立不同数值试样,试验研究岩体的节理倾角和应力水平对尺寸效应以及岩体力学参数的影响规律。结果表明:在随机节理岩体中,裂纹的萌生与贯通更容易发生在节理密集的薄弱面内,即优势破坏面;节理倾角对岩体的尺寸效应影响巨大,不同倾角下的节理岩体的特征尺寸与特征强度有很大差异,节理倾角β为60°、45°、30°时影响较为明显,β为75°、15°时影响较弱;模型尺寸为0.5 m×0.5 m时极限强度离散较大,随着尺寸的增加逐渐集中,整体的破坏模式由脆性破坏向渐进劣化转变,同时应力-应变曲线更加平缓;围压施加后,节理岩体仍然具有明显的尺寸效应,特征尺寸与特征强度均有所提高,降低主次优势破坏面之间的差异,会使更多裂纹在次优势破坏面中发育。     

单节理岩体抗压强度的数值模拟

为研究单节理岩体抗压强度随节理面倾角及围压变化时的变化规律,利用数值模拟软件UDEC对围压一定时不同节理面倾角的岩体进行了抗压强度实验.结果表明:围压一定,随节理面倾角的增大,岩体抗压强度先减小后增大,在倾角介于45°~60°时抗压强度达到最低值,呈典型的"U"形趋势;节理面倾角一定,随着围压的增大岩体抗压强度也随之增大,整体呈线性变化趋势,可拟合为一次函数,与理论导出式一致;随节理面倾角增大岩体抗压强度增大幅度呈先减小后增大趋势,近似于围压一定时岩体抗压强度随节理面倾角变化规律.     

不同压剪应力比作用下节理类岩石材料破坏模式的试验研究

通过对含充填节理类岩石材料试件进行变角度压剪试验,探究不同压剪应力比作用下节理倾角对岩体破坏模式的影响。定义削弱度,分析节理倾角对岩体抗剪强度的影响。研究结果表明:不同压剪应力比影响试件的初始破坏模式,最终破坏由过大剪切位移所致,并且节理倾角决定试件破坏后的形态;压剪应力比越大,同角度节理试件的抗剪强度越大;在相同压剪应力比下,与无节理试件抗剪强度相比,节理会削弱试件的抗剪强度,倾角不同,削弱度不同。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.