神农架地区米心水青冈群落物种多样性特征

水青冈属(Fagus)植物是北半球温带森林的重要建群种,其中以米心水青冈(Fagus engleriana)分布最为广泛.以湖北神农架为研究点,采用标准样地调查法,应用物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、均匀度指数对米心水青冈林群落物种多样性,群落结构特征进行研究.结果表明:乔木层Shannon-Wiener指数为2.55,Simpson指数5.31,均匀度指数0.70,Shannon-Wiener指数与Simpson指数的顺序为草本层＞乔木层＞灌木层.径级分布研究表明整个群落更新状况良好.     

井冈山福建柏种群结构与分布格局的研究

采用样地调查法,对井冈山福建柏的种群结构和分布格局进行了研究。结果表明:井冈山福建柏种群Ⅰ级幼苗数最多,占样地内福建柏个体数的55.00%,III级中龄树和V级老龄树个体数最少,均占样地内福建柏个体数的6.67%,种群结构为金字塔型,属于增长型种群。福建柏种群生命期望值先随径级增加而增加,然后又随径级的增加而递减,Ⅲ级中龄树的死亡率为负值。福建柏种群的存活曲线为近直线型,生长较为稳定。福建柏种群的分布格局呈集群分布。福建柏的种群特征主要由福建柏本身的生物学特性、所处群落的环境条件和群落结构所决定。     

井冈山自然保护区井冈山杜鹃种群与群落特征研究

以井冈山自然保护区井冈山杜鹃群落5个样地调查资料为基础,对其种群及群落特征进行了研究。结果表明:井冈山杜鹃种群径级结构为金字塔型,生命期望值基本随径级增加而呈递减趋势,存活曲线为近直线型,空间分布格局为集群分布,种群属于增长型种群。群落有维管植物29科42属53种,其中蕨类植物5科5属5种,裸子植物2科2属2种,被子植物22科35属46种。群落区系起源古老,成分较复杂,科、属区系成分均具有明显的热带性质。群落除Pielou指数较高外,其它3种多样性指数均较低;测度井冈山杜鹃群落物种多样性时,各种多样性指数未表现出相同的变化趋势。井冈山杜鹃本身的生物学特性及其群落所处的严酷环境是导致其种群濒危的主要原因。     

澳大利亚新英格兰地区桉树林的群落结构特征

本文研究澳大利亚新英格兰地区开阔林的群落结构特征。结果表明其种类组成较为简单,调查的4.8公顷样地中树木层只有18种。隶属于4属4科,树木个体90％为桉树;灌木层有32种19属13科;草本层有95种20属10科。群落的垂直结构为三层:树层,灌木层和草本层;一些林段只有二层(缺灌木层),或四层(增多小树层)。优势种群的分布格局多为集群分布。非优势种群的分布格局则多为随机分布格局。种间联结现象较弱,除少数种对外,联结系数低或没有联结。种间生态位的重叠值低,反映了诸多种群的独立分布特征。在其组织结构水平上,除草本层外。物种多样性指数、群落均匀度、生态优势度均较低。反映群落的优势种明显,为种多群落类型。     

两种不同起源华北落叶松林空间点格局及植物多样性

【目的】分析山西省黑茶山国家级自然保护区两种不同起源类型落叶松人工林和天然林径级和林层特征,并对落叶松种群空间分布点格局特征和种群对邻域物种多样性的影响效应进行研究。【方法】 采用g(r)函数点格局方法对优势种群落叶松不同生长阶段个体(小树、中树和大树)的空间分布点格局进行研究; 用单物种-面积关系模型(mISAR模型)分析样地中乔木树种对局域群落多样性的影响。【结果】两种不同起源的落叶松林内落叶松种群呈正态分布,根据林木胸径(DBH)将落叶松分为小(5 cm≤DBH<10 cm)、中(10 cm≤DBH<30 cm)、大(DBH≥30 cm)3个阶段。人工林和天然林小、中、大3个不同阶段的株数比分别为10:3:4和10:3:6,树种多样性分别为0.96、0.54、0.52和1.27、0.94、0.63。两种起源落叶松林空间点格局分布总体均表现为小尺度上的聚集分布和中大尺度上的随机分布。此外,两种起源的落叶松林内物种在调查尺度范围内均表现为单物种所有个体对邻域全部树种的丰富度起到促进作用。【结论】研究区长期的干扰使两种起源类型的落叶松林具有较为相似的水平结构和垂直结构,中径级林木个体多但小径级和大径级较少,种群难以实现世代交替。     

火烧迹地萌芽更新林杉木种群结构与林下植物多样性研究

采用样地调查法对江西省遂川县火烧迹地杉木萌芽更新林杉木种群和林下植物多样性进行了研究,结果表明:杉木种群的径级结构属于金字塔型,为增长型种群。杉木群落林下维管植物种类较少,有24科31属37种,木本植物为优势类群,占植物总种数的70.27%;群落林下植物属的区系成分复杂多样,具有明显的热带性质。灌木层的物种多样性指数较高,而草本层的物种多样性指数较低。总体来看,群落林下植物各层次的物种多样性均表现为:灌木层>草本层。该研究为杉木次生林的经营管理、自然植被的恢复和生物多样性保护等提供了理论依据。     

宝华山青冈种群年龄结构及点格局分析

【目的】江苏宝华山地处亚热带北缘,青冈为其森林群落的重要组成树种。对青冈种群动态进行研究,可了解该地区常绿落叶阔叶混交林的演替动态,同时为森林保护策略的制定和人工林的演替促进提供理论指导。【方法】在宝华山设置1 hm²的固定样地,对样地内 432 株青冈个体进行定位并每木检尺; 根据胸径大小将其划分为 10 个径级,采用径级结构代替年龄结构探讨了该物种的种群动态; 采用点格局方法(Ripley’s K-Function)对其空间分布规律进行分析。【结果】青冈种群径级结构呈类倒“J”形,自然更新良好,属增长型种群; 个体的最高和最低死亡率分别出现在第 5 和第 6 径级,存活曲线接近于 Deevey-Ⅱ 型; 随研究尺度增加,青冈种群呈现由集群分布、随机分布到均匀分布的变化,而不同年龄段个体的变化规律略有差异,幼树、小树、中树和大树随空间尺度加大,变化规律同种群一致,老树则多呈随机分布。【结论】青冈在北亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林中有较强的适应能力,种群可长时间维持稳定的状态。为促进宝华山乃至整个宁镇山脉人工林向更加自然稳定的方向发展,建议人工抚育时,适当补植青冈幼苗,促进林分更新。     

井冈山交让木种群结构与分布格局研究

采用样地调查法,对井冈山交让木种群的结构和分布格局进行了研究.结果表明:井冈山交让木种群Ⅱ级个体数最多,占样地交让木个体数的27.04%,VII级和Ⅷ级个体数最少,各占样地交让木个体数的3.14%,种群结构为金字塔型,属于增长型种群;交让木种群生命期望值基本随径级增加呈递减趋势,I 级个体的死亡率为负值;交让木种群的存活曲线为近直线型,生长较为稳定;交让木种群的分布格局呈集群分布;交让木的种群特征与交让木本身的生物学、生态学特性及其所处的群落环境条件等有密切关系.     

完工地区不同沙化等级草地优势群落空间分布格局的数字动态研究

通过对处于轻度沙化草地、中度沙化草地沙地和重度沙化草地等不同恢复演替阶段的群落的取样调查,研究了完工地区不同沙化等级草地植被群落优势种群的空间分布格局及其动态变化。运用扩散系数、聚集指数、平均拥挤度、聚块性指数、Green指数、聚集强度等项指标,对群落优势种群分布格局的研究结果基本一致,大多数物种的空间分布呈显著的聚集分布。在演替进程中种群格局强度的变化和群落总体聚集程度的变化与种群动态和群落结构的空间异质性相对应,较高的聚集程度是种群分布斑块化和群落结构的空间异质性的反映,随着过渡进展,优势种的种群数量扩展,但种群分布的聚集强度下降,群落结构的空间异质性降低。     

广西防城港滨海过渡带红鳞蒲桃群落多样性研究

以4个红鳞蒲桃（Syzygium hancei）群落调查为基础,从种群特征、不同群落类型、重要值指数、层次的丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指数等方面分析广西滨海过渡带红鳞蒲桃群落多样性。广西滨海过渡带红鳞蒲桃种群的平均高度为（11.64±2.51）m,平均胸径为（23.00±10.73）cm。群落植物生长型与群落多样性指数的关系表现为乔木层物种丰富度指数明显低于灌木层,乔木层和灌木层的均匀度指数相近,群落间变异幅度较小,灌木层则变异幅度稍大。物种多样性指数则表现出灌木层〉乔木层的规律。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to