微波辐射SnCl4·5H2O催化合成乙酸正丁酯

采用微波辐射技术,以SnCl4@5H2O为催化剂催化合成了乙酸正丁酯.最佳反应条件醇酸配比为l1.2,催化剂用量为1.4 g,微波功率为450 W,微波辐射时间为15 min,产率95%.实验结果表明适当的微波辐射可以加速乙酸正丁酯的合成反应,而且产率高,操作简便,腐蚀性小.     

微波加热条件下氯化锌催化合成乙酸乙酯

以冰醋酸和无水乙醇为原料,氯化锌为催化剂,采用微波加热法合成乙酸乙酯.探讨了酸醇比、催化剂用量、微波功率和辐射时间对合成乙酸乙酯产率的影响.得出最佳的反应条件为酸醇摩尔比2∶1、催化剂质量百分数1.5%、辐射时间6 min和微波功率400 W,合成乙酸乙酯的产率为78.36%.     

L-谷氨酸-γ-乙基酯的微波合成方法研究及分析

对L-谷氨酸-γ-乙基酯的微波合成方法进行研究,采用HPLC法进行分析测定.实验表明,不同的微波辐射时间、温度及催化剂用量对合成反应的影响较大.经试验得到最佳的反应条件:微波辐射温度45℃,微波辐射时间为30 min,催化剂用量为1.1 mL,其产率可达80%以上.实验结果说明,微波技术可用于L-谷氨酸-γ-乙基酯的合成,方法操作简便、反应时间短、产率高,具有一定的实用价值.     

微波辐射下催化合成四(对硝基苯基)卟啉

在微波辐射下采用乳酸作为催化剂合成四(对硝基苯基)卟啉,考察了溶剂、催化剂、微波辐射时间、微波辐射功率对产率的影响.实验表明:硝基30 mL苯作溶剂,乳酸2.0 mL作催化剂,对硝基苯甲醛0.01 mol,吡咯0.01 mol,微波辐射功率280 W,辐射时间16 min,产率达到23.9%.     

微波辐射合成阿司匹林的研究

以水杨酸和乙酸酐为原料,选用不同催化剂,用微波法快速合成阿司匹林.通过实验考察了原料用量比、不同催化剂、微波辐射功率、辐射时间等因素对产率的影响,得到了最佳合成工艺条件:水杨酸和乙酸酐量的比为1∶1.5,微波功率为550 W,用乙酸钾作催化剂,辐射时间5 min时,纯化后产物产率高达81.46%.     

微波催化合成尼泊金丁酯的研究

采用微波催化技术,以硫酸氢钠为催化剂合成尼泊金丁酯,并对催化剂用量、醇酸比、微波辐射时间、微波催化功率等因素对产物收率的影响进行了讨论.实验确定反应的最优化条件是对羟基苯甲酸:正丁醇:硫酸氢钠的摩尔比是1:2:0.036,微波功率700W条件下,辐射回流分水25min,经后处理和分析验证,白色晶体尼泊金丁酯收率可达89.70%.     

微波辐射纳米固体超强酸催化合成尼泊金庚酯

以纳米固体超强酸SO42-/ZrO2为催化剂,以对羟基苯甲酸和正庚醇为原料,在微波辐射下合成了尼泊金庚酯。讨论了微波功率、微波辐射时间、催化剂用量、醇酸物质的量比等对合成尼泊金庚酯产率的影响。结果表明,微波功率450 W、微波辐射30 min、醇酸物质的量比3.0∶1、催化剂用量为酸质量的1.5%,尼泊金庚酯的产率可达96.0%。同时,考查了催化剂的重复使用性。     

微波辐射下硫酸铜催化合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛

用无水硫酸铜作催化剂,在微波辐射下催化合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛.系统考察微波辐射功率、微波辐射时间、原料配比、催化剂用量、带水剂用量对产率的影响.实验结果表明：当微波输出功率为600 W,辐射时间为12 min,苯甲醛用量为0.075 mol,乙二醇用量为0.112 5 mol,无水硫酸铜用量为1.2 g,带水剂环己烷用量为12 mL时,产率可达77.9%.     

微波辐射下固体酸催化合成异烟酸乙酯

在微波辐射下,以异烟酸和乙醇为原料,以活性炭固载对甲苯磺酸作催化剂,合成了异烟酸乙酯.最佳工艺条件:醇酸物质的量比为8∶ 1,催化剂用量为 1.0 g,微波辐射时间为 10 min,微波辐射功率为 200 W,酯化产率达 97.18%.另外通过实验发现,微波辐射下,反应速率及产率都明显高于常规加热方式.     

微波辐射下肉桂酸苄酯的相转移催化合成研究

以肉桂酸钠和氯化苄为原料 ,二乙胺作催化剂 ,采用微波辐射技术 ,在常压下直接合成了肉桂酸苄酯 .讨论了催化剂用量、微波辐射功率和辐射时间对酯产率的影响 .实验结果表明 ,最适宜的反应条件为 :当n肉桂酸钠∶n氯化苄 =1∶3 4时 ,二乙胺的用量 1 0mL ,微波功率 4 5 0W ,辐射 12min ,产率达 85 3%以上 .     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to