野生鸟类高致病性禽流感抗体水平检测方法研究

高致病性禽流感是A型流感病毒引起的一种禽类毁灭性疾病．从2004年1月27日我国公布首例确诊高致病性禽流感疫情以来,截止2004年2月4日,已出现高致病性禽流感疫情23例, 其中疑似18例,确诊5例;全国合计病禽56 417只,死亡49 236只,扑杀1 215 057只．H5N1亚型毒株除致鸡大量发病死亡外,还会使雉鸡科、鸭科、鸠鸽科和鹭科等野生鸟类致病．2005年5月4日, 在青海省刚察县泉吉乡年乃索麻村部分候鸟发生死亡,国家禽流感参考实验室5月18日从死鸟体内分离到H5N1亚型禽流感病毒．截止5月26日,仅青海省已有包括斑头雁、鱼鸥等在内的超过 1 000只候鸟死亡．自从2004年1月以来,全球因感染禽流感疫病,已造成了近百人死亡．研究结果表明,野生鸟类的迁徙,是造成疫病传播蔓延最主要的途径．西安市在2004年2月,对全市养殖的野生鸟类进行了禽流感疫苗接种,2005年的免疫工作即将展开,但目前在全国尚无野生鸟类疫苗接种注射剂量和方法的规范,已经接种过的野生鸟类是否具有禽流感抗体及产生抗体的效价还不清楚,更为严峻的是至今还没有可行的野生鸟类抗体水平检测的方法．所以,进行野生鸟类高致病性禽流感抗体水平检测方法课题研究,并为研究野生鸟类产生有效抗体的疫苗接种注射剂量,可为防控本病提供科学依据．     

Structure modeling and spatial epitope analysis for HA protein of the novel H1N1 influenza virus

In recent months, a novel influenza virus H1N1 broke out around the world. With bioinformatics technology, the 3D structure of HA protein was obtained, and the epitope residues were predicted with the method developed in our group for this novel flu virus. 58 amino acids were identified as potential epitope residues, the majority of which clustered at the surface of the globular head of HA protein. Although it is located at the similar position, the epitope of HA protein for the novel H1N1 flu virus has obvious differences in the electrostatic potential compared to that of HA proteins from previous flu viruses.     

A/PR8/34(H1N1)NA基因包装信号对H5N1流感疫苗株NIBRG-14产量的影响

NIBRG-14是采用"6+2"策略制备的一株H5N1灭活疫苗株,其表面抗原HA和NA基因来自于A/Vietnam/1194/2004(H5N1,VN1194),内部基因来自于A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1,PR8),已有研究表明该疫苗株在鸡胚中的产量不佳.本研究发现,在PR8背景下,VN1194NA基因被包装入重组病毒中的效率仅为正常包装量的38%～68%,因此有一部分重组病毒为不含有NAvRNA的缺陷型病毒粒子.本研究通过在VN1194NA基因完整编码区(CDS)的5′和3′两端嵌合PR8NA基因包装信号序列(vRNA3′末端41bp,5′末端67bp)的方法,使重组病毒中NAvRNA的包装效率得到完全恢复,并且病毒在鸡胚的生长滴度提高了10倍,血凝素HA含量提高了约2·7倍,从而为H5N1流感疫苗株的研制提供了新的思考方向.     

Risk analysis for the highly pathogenic avian influenza in Mainland China using meta-modeling

A logistic model was employed to correlate the outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) with related environmental factors and the migration of birds. Based on MODIS data of the normalized difference vegetation index, environmental factors were considered in generating a probability map with the aid of logistic regression. A Bayesian maximum entropy model was employed to explore the spatial and temporal correlations of HPAI incidence. The results show that proximity to water bodies and national highways was statistically relevant to the occurrence of HPAI. Migratory birds, mainly waterfowl, were important infection sources in HPAI transmission. In addition, the HPAI outbreaks had high spatiotemporal autocorrelation. This epidemic spatial range fluctuated 45 km owing to different distribution patterns of cities and water bodies. Furthermore, two outbreaks were likely to occur with a period of 22 d. The potential risk of occurrence of HPAI in Mainland China for the period from January 23 to February 17, 2004 was simulated based on these findings, providing a useful meta-model framework for the application of environmental factors in the prediction of HPAI risk.     

Molecular characterization of H1N1 influenza A viruses from human cases in North America

Subtypes of H1N1 influenza virus can be found in humans in North America, while they are also associated with the infection of swine. Characterization of the genotypes of viral strains in human populations is important to understand the source and distribution of viral strains. Genomic and protein sequences of 10 isolates of the 2009 outbreak of influenza A （H1N1） virus in North America were obtained from GenBank database. To characterize the genotypes of these viruses, phylogenetic trees of genes PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, NA, NS and M were constructed by Phylip3.67 program and N-Linked glycosylation sites of HA, NA, PB2, NS1 and M2 proteins were analyzed online by NetNGlyc1.0 program. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these isolates are virtually identical but may be recombinant viruses because their genomic fragments come from different viruses. The isolates also contain a characteristic lowly pathogenic amino acid motif at their HA cleavage sites （IPSIQSR↓GL）, and an E residue at position 627 of the PB2 protein which shows its high affinity to humans. The homologous model of M proteins showed that the viruses had obtained the ability of anti-amantadine due to the mutation at the drug-sensitive site, while sequence analysis of NA proteins indicated that the viruses are still susceptible to the neuraminidase inhibitor drug （i.e. oseltamivir and zanamivir） because no mutations have been observed. Our results strongly suggested that the viruses responsible for the 2009 outbreaks of influenza A （H1N1） virus have the ability to cross species barriers to infect human and mammalian animals based on molecular analysis. These findings may further facilitate the therapy and prevention of possible transmission from North America to other countries.     

Haemagglutinin mutations responsible for the binding of H5N1 influenza A viruses to human-type receptors

H5N1 influenza A viruses have spread to numerous countries in Asia, Europe and Africa, infecting not only large numbers of poultry, but also an increasing number of humans, often with lethal effects. Human and avian influenza A viruses differ in their recognition of host cell receptors: the former preferentially recognize receptors with saccharides terminating in sialic acid-alpha2,6-galactose (SAalpha2,6Gal), whereas the latter prefer those ending in SAalpha2,3Gal (refs 3-6). A conversion from SAalpha2,3Gal to SAalpha2,6Gal recognition is thought to be one of the changes that must occur before avian influenza viruses can replicate efficiently in humans and acquire the potential to cause a pandemic. By identifying mutations in the receptor-binding haemagglutinin (HA) molecule that would enable avian H5N1 viruses to recognize human-type host cell receptors, it may be possible to predict (and thus to increase preparedness for) the emergence of pandemic viruses. Here we show that some H5N1 viruses isolated from humans can bind to both human and avian receptors, in contrast to those isolated from chickens and ducks, which recognize the avian receptors exclusively. Mutations at positions 182 and 192 independently convert the HAs of H5N1 viruses known to recognize the avian receptor to ones that recognize the human receptor. Analysis of the crystal structure of the HA from an H5N1 virus used in our genetic experiments shows that the locations of these amino acids in the HA molecule are compatible with an effect on receptor binding. The amino acid changes that we identify might serve as molecular markers for assessing the pandemic potential of H5N1 field isolates.     

Genetic insight of the H5N1 hemagglutinin cleavage site

The cleavability of the hemagglutinin (HA) plays a major role in virulence of avian influenza viruses. Detailed analyses of the cleavage sequences and their evolution would give insights into the high pathogenicity of the H5N1 virus. HA segments were visually identifiable in the cellular automata (CA) image, and a feature gene segment (FGS) was only found in H5N1 rather than any other subtype. This FGS is a 30-bp gene segment mainly consisting of ‘A’ and ‘G’. When translated into amino acids the FGS converted into a sequence of mainly basic amino acids with positive charges. This feature amino acid segment (FAAS) was located in the cleavage site loop of HA which was potentially cleavable by various proteases. The 3D structure of H5N1 HA was reconstructed using homology modelling. It was found that the cleavage site loop was well exposed to potential proteases. The molecular surfaces were reconstructed to study how mutation and deletion of some amino acids in the FAAS affected the charge distribution. It was found that some mutations had severely changed the landscape of the charge dis- tribution. Statistical analyses of FAAS were made with respect to when and where the H5N1 viruses were found. In 2005, there were less un-mutated FAAS than the other years according to temporal evolution, and more mutated FAAS appeared in China than other regions according to geographic dis- tribution. These results are helpful for exploring the evolution of virus high pathogenicity.     

Experimental adaptation of an influenza H5 HA confers respiratory droplet transmission to a reassortant H5 HA/H1N1 virus in ferrets

Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A viruses occasionally infect humans, but currently do not transmit efficiently among humans. The viral haemagglutinin (HA) protein is a known host-range determinant as it mediates virus binding to host-specific cellular receptors. Here we assess the molecular changes in HA that would allow a virus possessing subtype H5 HA to be transmissible among mammals. We identified a reassortant H5 HA/H1N1 virus-comprising H5 HA (from an H5N1 virus) with four mutations and the remaining seven gene segments from a 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus-that was capable of droplet transmission in a ferret model. The transmissible H5 reassortant virus preferentially recognized human-type receptors, replicated efficiently in ferrets, caused lung lesions and weight loss, but was not highly pathogenic and did not cause mortality. These results indicate that H5 HA can convert to an HA that supports efficient viral transmission in mammals; however, we do not know whether the four mutations in the H5 HA identified here would render a wholly avian H5N1 virus transmissible. The genetic origin of the remaining seven viral gene segments may also critically contribute to transmissibility in mammals. Nevertheless, as H5N1 viruses continue to evolve and infect humans, receptor-binding variants of H5N1 viruses with pandemic potential, including avian-human reassortant viruses as tested here, may emerge. Our findings emphasize the need to prepare for potential pandemics caused by influenza viruses possessing H5 HA, and will help individuals conducting surveillance in regions with circulating H5N1 viruses to recognize key residues that predict the pandemic potential of isolates, which will inform the development, production and distribution of effective countermeasures.     

Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia

A highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, H5N1, caused disease outbreaks in poultry in China and seven other east Asian countries between late 2003 and early 2004; the same virus was fatal to humans in Thailand and Vietnam. Here we demonstrate a series of genetic reassortment events traceable to the precursor of the H5N1 viruses that caused the initial human outbreak in Hong Kong in 1997 (refs 2-4) and subsequent avian outbreaks in 2001 and 2002 (refs 5, 6). These events gave rise to a dominant H5N1 genotype (Z) in chickens and ducks that was responsible for the regional outbreak in 2003-04. Our findings indicate that domestic ducks in southern China had a central role in the generation and maintenance of this virus, and that wild birds may have contributed to the increasingly wide spread of the virus in Asia. Our results suggest that H5N1 viruses with pandemic potential have become endemic in the region and are not easily eradicable. These developments pose a threat to public and veterinary health in the region and potentially the world, and suggest that long-term control measures are required.     

H5亚型禽流感病毒HA基因昆虫/杆状病毒系统的表达及对BALB/c小鼠的免疫保护

经RT-PCR扩增了禽流感病毒A/Goose/Guangdong/1／96 H5N1亚型1．7kb HA基因的cDNA,将其克隆到pMD18-T中并测序。亚克隆到杆状病毒转移载体pMelBacA的蜜蜂蜂毒素分泌信号下游中,测序正确后与线性化的杆状病毒DNA(Bac-N-BlueTM DNA)共转染Sf9昆虫细胞。将重组杆状病毒感染HFive细胞,72h左右收获细胞,超声波裂解,SDS—PAGE结果表明HA基因在重组杆状病毒感染的HFive细胞中获得表达。蛋白胶薄层扫描分析显示:表达的HA蛋白占重组杆状病毒感染细胞总蛋白含量的17．1％。Western-blot 及血凝实验结果显示,表达的禽流感H5N1亚型病毒HA蛋白具有生物学活性。表达的H5 HA蛋白定量乳化后,皮下多点注射免疫SPF 级BALB/c雌性小鼠,免疫后产生了H5 HA特异抗体,并在三免前后达到并保持较高水平。用致死剂量的HPAIV H5N1攻击小鼠,免疫组小鼠提供了100％的保护力,而对照组小鼠先后发病且死亡:为研制禽流感H5N1亚型病毒亚单位疫苗,防制禽流感奠定了基础。     

Single amino acid substitutions in influenza haemagglutinin change receptor binding specificity

The haemagglutinin (HA) glycoproteins of influenza virus membranes are responsible for binding viruses to cells by interacting with membrane receptor molecules which contain sialic acid (for review see ref. 1). This interaction is known to vary in detailed specificity for different influenza viruses (see, for example, refs 2-4) and we have attempted to identify the sialic acid binding site of the haemagglutinin by comparing the amino acid sequences of haemagglutinins with different binding specificities. We present here evidence that haemagglutinins which differ in recognizing either NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal- or NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal- linkages in glycoproteins also differ at amino acid 226 of HA1. This residue is located in a pocket on the distal tip of the molecule, an area previously proposed from considerations of the three-dimensional structure of the haemagglutinin to be involved in receptor binding.     

中国大陆H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA基因遗传分析及抗原相关性研究

为研究我国大陆H9N2亚型禽流感病毒血凝素(HA)基因的分子进化及抗原相关性, 本研究对来自15个省、市、自治区的34株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的HA基因进行了测序及系统发育分析, 并采用交叉血凝抑制试验及交叉攻毒保护试验对不同遗传分支下毒株间抗原相关性进行了分析. 结果表明, 所有34个毒株HA基因均符合低致病性禽流感病毒的特征, 但毒株间变异程度增加. 系统发育分析表明, 我国大陆H9N2亚型禽流感病毒主要分为三个系列, 各系列内毒株没有明显的地区及时间特征. 抗原相关性研究表明, 不同遗传系列下的毒株其抗原相关性明显低于同一系列内部毒株间的抗原相关性, 说明我国H9N2亚型禽流感病毒抗原性差异较大. 此外, 本研究同时筛选得到了用于制备多价苗的代表毒株.     

Isolation and characterization of H7N9 viruses from live poultry markets--Implication of the source of current H7N9 infection in humans

On March 31, 2013, the National Health and Family Planning Commission announced that human infections with a previously undescribed influenza A (H7N9) virus had occurred in Shanghai and Anhui Province, China. To investigate the possible origins of the H7N9 viruses causing these human infections, we collected 970 samples, including drinking water, soil, and cloacal and tracheal swabs of poultry from live poultry markets and poultry farms in Shanghai and Anhui Province. Twenty samples were positive for the H7N9 influenza virus. Notably, all 20 viruses were isolated from samples collected from live poultry markets in Shanghai. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the six internal genes of these novel human H7N9 viruses were derived from avian H9N2 viruses, but the ancestor of their HA and NA genes is uncertain. When we examined the phylogenetic relationship between the H7N9 isolates from live poultry markets and the viruses that caused the human infections, we found that they shared high homology across all eight gene segments. We thus identified the direct avian origin of the H7N9 influenza viruses that caused the human infections. Importantly, we observed that the H7N9 viruses isolated from humans had acquired critical mutations that made them more "human-like". It is therefore imperative to take strong measures to control the spread of H7N9 viruses in birds and humans to prevent further threats to human health.     

Secondary structural analysis of the mRNA regions encoding the hemagglutinin cleavage site basic amino acids of the avian influenza virus H5N1 subtype samples

Here we report the codon bias and the mRNA secondary structural features of the hemagglutinin （HA） cleavage site basic amino acid regions of avian influenza virus H5N1 subtypes. We have developed a dynamic extended folding strategy to predict RNA secondary structure with RNAstructure 4.1 program in an iterative extension process. Statistical analysis of the sequences showed that the HA cleavage site basic amino acids favor the adenine-rich codons, and the corresponding mRNA fragments are mainly in the folding states of single-stranded loops. Our sequential and structural analyses showed that to prevent and control these highly pathogenic viruses, that is, to inhibit the gene expression of avian influenza virus H5N1 subtypes, we should consider the single-stranded loop regions of the HA cleavage site-coding sequences as the targets of RNA interference.     

HA/煤油/NaOH微乳体系萃取废水中Cd~(2+)和Zn~(2+)的研究

研究了NaOH皂化HA的微乳体系的配方,通过HA/煤油/NaOH微乳体系萃取分离含Cd2+、Zn2+废水的研究,考察了HA与煤油的体积比、NaOH的浓度、乳水比、萃取分离时间等因素对Cd2+、Zn2+萃取率的影响。实验结果表明,当HA与煤油的体积比为1∶2.5,NaOH浓度为1.5 mol/L,乳水比为1∶3(体积比)时,萃取6 min,该微乳体系对Cd2+和Zn2+的单级萃取率分别为99.23%和97.51%。通过调节萃取相的pH值和适当的油水比,可较好地实现反萃取和油相的回收,当调节油相pH为1、油水比为1∶3时,Cd2+和Zn2+的反萃率分别为98.29%和97.38%。研究表明,该微乳体系具有稳定性好、工艺简单、成本低、膜相可自动破乳、油相可重复使用、萃取效率高等优点。     

辐照交联改性透明质酸的研究

采用高能γ射线改性透明质酸(HA),先将甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GM)接枝到透明质酸去离子水溶液形成GMHA衍生物,再将GMHA衍生物配置成不同质量分数的溶液进行辐照改性交联。该方法制备的透明质酸凝胶分子量从10万增加到100万,透明质酸溶胀比变小;随着质量分数的上升,透明质酸凝胶的溶胀比急剧下降,GMHA质量分数1％～15％的变化能引起透明质酸溶胀性从150g/g减小到20g/g;当辐照剂量增加时,单位时间内产生的自由基数量增加从而提高交联度。因此可以通过控制这些影响因素来实现透明质酸改性的交联度可控。     

宝鸡市区空气中PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)污染状况研究

目的研究宝鸡市城区采暖期和非采暖期PM10、PM2.5的质量浓度变化以及比例关系,为宝鸡的雾霾治理提供技术支撑。方法在宝鸡市环境监测中心站院子设点对PM10、PM2.5分别进行采暖期和非采暖期2个时段对比监测,结合气象条件进行分析,总结规律。结果在一般气象条件下PM2.5、PM10质量浓度采暖期高于非采暖期,昼间大于夜间,但细粒子在大气中漂浮时间长,昼夜变化幅度小于可吸入颗粒物。两种颗粒物浓度受气象条件影响较大,阴天浓度明显大于晴天。结论总结了不同时段PM10、PM2.5质量浓度和二者比例关系,为以后的研究和环境管理提供参考。     

Enhanced virulence of influenza A viruses with the haemagglutinin of the 1918 pandemic virus

The 'Spanish' influenza pandemic of 1918-19 was the most devastating outbreak of infectious disease in recorded history. At least 20 million people died from their illness, which was characterized by an unusually severe and rapid clinical course. The complete sequencing of several genes of the 1918 influenza virus has made it possible to study the functions of the proteins encoded by these genes in viruses generated by reverse genetics, a technique that permits the generation of infectious viruses entirely from cloned complementary DNA. Thus, to identify properties of the 1918 pandemic influenza A strain that might be related to its extraordinary virulence, viruses were produced containing the viral haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of the 1918 strain. The HA of this strain supports the pathogenicity of a mouse-adapted virus in this animal. Here we demonstrate that the HA of the 1918 virus confers enhanced pathogenicity in mice to recent human viruses that are otherwise non-pathogenic in this host. Moreover, these highly virulent recombinant viruses expressing the 1918 viral HA could infect the entire lung and induce high levels of macrophage-derived chemokines and cytokines, which resulted in infiltration of inflammatory cells and severe haemorrhage, hallmarks of the illness produced during the original pandemic.     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒血凝素基因的克隆与表达

 根据已知H5N1亚型禽流感病毒血凝素(HA)基因序列设计、合成克隆引物.自灭活的云南地方H5N1亚型病毒阳性临床组织样品中提取总RNA,反转录后采用高可信度DNA聚合酶(Pyobest^TMDNA Polymerase)扩增HA基因,采用Invitrogen定向表达系统(Champion^TMpET directional TOPO expression system)进行克隆表达,纯化获得N末端携带多聚组氨酸标签的重组HA,分子质量约78ku.采用阳性血清经免疫印迹及ELISA分析重组HA的免疫反应性,结果表明重组HA能与H5N1亚型病毒抗血清发生特异性结合,具有良好的免疫反应性.     

The Recent Advances in Plant Protection Researches of China

There are eight examples briefly given in this paper, namely, (1) Polymyxa graminis and the cereal viruses it transmits; (2) the geographical types and facultative migration of cotton bollworm as well as the safety of Bt transgenic cotton; (3) development of crop near-isogenic lines with resistance to diseases; (4) molecular-biological researches induced resistance of rice by infection of blast fungus;(5) to use cytological and molecular-biological techniques for breeding wheat varieties resistant to barley yellow dwarf virus; (6) mass rearing and field releasing of Microplitis mediator for cotton bollworm control; (7) identification and recombination of insecticidal crystal genes of Bacillus thuringiensis; and (8) interplanting of diverse resistance rice varieties for sustainable control of blast disease; which reflect the general situation of recent advances in plant protection researches of China.