不同头部外形高速列车气动性能风洞试验研究

通过对包括CRH2在内的4种不同纵向长细比比例尺为1∶8的高速列车模型进行风洞试验,分析雷诺数对车辆气动力系数的影响;比较4种高速列车模型的气动力特性;对不同流线型外形列车进行大侧偏角试验,研究高速列车在侧风作用下的安全性.研究结果表明:列车流线型头部越长,鼻形更加突出尖锐,头部流线型更加光滑,更有利于降低空气阻力;当模型列车流线型长度相差不大时,纵向长细比系数越大即车头外形越细长,对减阻越有利;4种动车组头车、中车和尾车的侧向力及升力系数均随侧滑角的增大而迅速增大;当侧滑角大于10°时,头部最大纵剖面轮廓线曲率较大的模型,横风作用下的侧向力系数比其他3种模型车的侧向力系数显著增大,升力系数较小.     

风向角对高速列车驶出隧道过程中气动效应的影响

为研究风向角对驶出隧道过程中高速列车气动效应的影响,以某型高速动车组列车为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法对隧道内气动压力、列车风风速、流场分布及列车气动荷载进行分析。通过与动模型试验结果进出对比,验证数值模拟方法的准确性。研究结果表明：隧道壁面气动压力峰值及变化幅值最大值出现在隧道内部,且出现位置到隧道出口距离与风向角有关;背风侧气动压力受风向角影响更大,气动压力变化幅值随风向角增大呈现先减小后增大再减小的趋势;出口处列车风风速随风向角增大基本呈现先增大后减小的趋势,30°风向角时列车风风速最大,但迎、背风侧列车风风速峰值出现时刻不同;随着风向角增大,流场分布不对称性增强,列车绕流特性由流线型绕流逐渐过渡到钝体绕流,流动分离点到头车鼻尖的距离呈现先增大后减小最后再增大的变化规律,隧道内流动结构愈加复杂;气动横向力、升力变化幅值随风向角增加呈现先增后减趋势,头车横向力系数最大变化幅值分别是中车、尾车的2.4倍和2.6倍,升力系数最大变化幅值分别是中车、尾车的1.1倍和1.5倍,故保证头车安全是控制整车运行安全的关键;侧风下高速列车驶出隧道情形下的最不利风向角为30°,此时头车发生列车事故风险...     

桥梁对高速列车气动特性影响的风洞试验研究

为考虑侧风作用下桥梁对高速列车气动特性的影响,以高速列车与双线简支箱梁桥为原型,自主研制缩尺比为1:20的车-桥模型风洞试验模型装置,该装置可改变风偏角、测试对象以及列车与桥梁的相对位置等。测试高速列车的头车、中车及尾车各自的气动力,建立天平坐标系下测试数据转换到整体坐标系的转换关系,讨论雷诺数、车辆在桥面横向相对位置、风偏角对高速列车气动系数的影响。研究结果表明:基于自主研制车-桥模型的风洞试验测试是可行的;雷诺数对车-桥系统的气动性能影响有限;列车位于迎风侧线路时气动影响显著;随风偏角的增大,高速列车的侧力系数、升力系数、侧倾力矩系数存在减小的趋势。测试所得的高速列车气动参数可用于进一步开展风-车-桥耦合振动分析。     

高速列车侧风效应的数值模拟

在侧风作用下,高速列车的空气动力学性能发生显著改变.基于三维定常可压缩流动的N-S方程,采用SSTk-ω两方程湍流模型和有限体积法,对某型高速列车以350 km/h的速度在25 m/s侧风环境中运行的流场结构和气动力进行了数值模拟计算,分析了不同风向角的侧风对列车全车,以及受电弓、转向架和风挡等局部区域的作用.结果表明:在侧风作用下,列车的周围包括转向架处均产生复杂的涡流,压力分布十分复杂,转向架对流场的影响不容忽视;随着风向角(0~90°)的增大,侧向力系数及倾覆力矩系数也增大,列车倾覆及脱轨的风险性增加,且头车的倾覆力矩系数远大于中间车和尾车的倾覆力矩系数,应注重对头车的气动性能研究.     

侧风作用下汽车外流场气动特性分析

 针对汽车行驶中受侧风的影响问题,通过数值模拟研究了侧风作用下汽车的气动特性。利用三维软件UG 设定某实车模型参数,基于计算流体力学方法对实车模型进行数值模拟,研究侧风作用下车身外流场变化以及不同前车窗倾角对汽车气动特性的影响。结果表明,侧风中汽车外流场不对称,导致空气侧向力系数急剧增加达到0.927,空气阻力系数增加38.5%达到0.392,空气升力系数增加15.6%达到0.281;随着前车窗倾角的增大,车身底部气流在车尾的分离推迟,尾涡数量减少,车身表面正负压区域缩小,空气侧向力及空气升力系数变小,在前车窗倾角为35°时,汽车在侧风中的气动特性最优。     

强风局部地貌下高速列车非定常气动性能

基于三维、非定常、可压缩雷诺时均N-S方程和标准κ-ε双方程湍流模型,采用滑移网格方法,对列车通过隧道进入风区后,风-车-桥-地形耦合作用下高速列车气动性能进行模拟。模拟线路周围的复杂地形地貌,针对8节编组的和谐号高速列车以350 km/h速度在强侧风复杂地貌下的运行进行研究。研究结果表明:地形显著改变沿线风速分布情况,并通过改变风速来影响列车气动性能;列车在驶出隧道突入风区时气动力急剧增加。此后,列车沿风区线路运行时,所受侧向力变化明显,其中头车侧向力变化最小,尾车最大;与侧向力相比列车升力变化不明显,头车升力变化最大,尾车升力变化最小。通过对沿线风速的监测,可知地形对沿线风速改变显著。     

高速列车受电弓气动噪声特性分析

以某高速列车受电弓为研究对象, 探讨其在350 km/h速度下的气动噪声特性。采用延迟脱体涡模拟(DDES)和声学有限元(FEM)相结合的方法, 分析带导流罩受电弓在升起和下降状态下, 近场和远场气动噪声空间分布规律和频谱特性, 研究流场计算时不同建模方式对诱发噪声幅值和指向性的影响以及壁板的反射和散射作用对噪声频谱特性的影响。结果表明: 1) 在本文选取的受电弓外形和开口方向下, 降弓和导流罩诱发噪声略大于升弓和导流罩诱发噪声; 2) 导流罩在低于300 Hz的低频区诱发噪声比例较大, 而受电弓在300 Hz后诱发噪声影响较大; 导流罩诱发噪声在升弓情形时所占比例相对较大; 3) 在指向性上, 导流罩诱发噪声在受电弓前部贡献较大, 受电弓诱发噪声在后部区域贡献较大; 在列车正上方区域, 弓体诱发噪声大于导流罩诱发噪声, 是主要的气动噪声源。     

侧风状态下重型卡车气动性能研究

为了研究侧风状态对重型卡车气动性能的影响,建立计算流体动力学模型研究不同横摆角下卡车外流场的变化,随后提出添加横向和纵向隔板作为减阻导流装置,分析两种结构对卡车气动特性的影响,并通过1∶7.5卡车比例模型的风洞试验验证数值仿真模型的有效性。结果表明:侧风状态下重型卡车的风阻、侧向力和升力系数均随横摆角的增大而增大;在货箱前部添加横向或纵向隔板能够切断货箱前方间隙内流体的连续性,能不同程度地降低侧风状态下卡车的风阻系数。与添加纵向隔板相比,添加横向隔板的减阻效果更加明显,横摆角为12°时相对于原车模型的风阻系数下降率可达19.6%。但两种结构对侧向力系数和升力系数的影响很小,说明两种减阻结构在提升燃油经济性的同时,也可保证行车安全性。     

路堤高度影响列车侧风运行气动特性模拟

列车常在路堤上运行,特别是在侧风环境下列车的空气动力特性问题变得十分重要。本文采用计算流体力学方法对路堤高度变化影响列车侧风运行气动特性进行研究。数值模拟结果表明:由于气流随路堤斜坡的加速效应,头车上受到的侧向力和侧翻力矩随着路堤高度增加显著增加。作用在中间车上的阻力对路堤高度变化不敏感,但随着路堤高度增加中间车上的负升力明显增加。对于尾车,其阻力系数随着路堤高度增加而逐渐增加,且因为处于剧烈的尾涡区而受到逆侧风方向的侧翻力矩作用。     

不同风向角对高架运行磁浮列车气动特性影响分析

为了研究横风对高速磁浮列车运行安全的影响，本文基于三维、定常、可压N-S方程，对不同风向角作用下高速磁浮列车在复线高架桥运行的气动特性进行数值计算，并对列车表面压力、周围流场及气动力进行分析.结果表明：1）风向角越大，列车车体两侧的压差越大. 2）当风向角为0°时，尾涡具有明显的对称性，且强度及尺度都较小；当风向角为90°时，尾涡呈现明显的非对称性，且强度和尺度较大. 3）当车速一定时，列车气动载荷基本随风向角增大而增大，头车侧向力最大，尾车升力最大.气动力的最不利风向角范围集中在60°～90°.本文研究结果可为提高磁浮列车大风环境下安全运行提供理论指导和技术支撑.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.