Comparison of the community structure of planktonic bacteria in ballast water from entry ships and local sea water in Xiamen Port

In this study, the bacterial community structures in samples of ballast water collected from a ship from Singapore and of local sea water collected from Xiamen Port were compared using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Except for dominant α-Proteobacteria that are common to both systems, the bacterial community structures of the two systems were quite different. Most of the clones derived from the different systems were grouped into different phylogenetic clusters, and the sys-tems share only one common RFLP pattern. The ballast water, which is likely from clean offshore waters, contains sequences specific to α- and γ-Proteobacteria. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the ballast water contained sequences belonging to attached bacteria and bacteria commonly found in the open sea, as well as many novel sequences. In addition, no known pathogenic bacteria were detected in the ballast water samples. Conversely, water samples from Xiamen Port were apparently affected by the near shore environments.Specifically, in addition to α- and γ-Proteobacteria, water from Xiamen Port contained β- and δ-Proteobacteria, Synechococcus, Bacter-oidetes and Actinobacteria, which are common in coastal environments. Additionally, four pathogenic bacterial sequences and one plas-mid sequence of a potential red tide forming alga were detected in the water from Xiamen Port, which suggests that the local sea water is polluted. The results of this study can be used as background information to assess the risk associated with the introduction of non-indig-enous species to local systems and to establish ballast water management systems.     

Microbial community structure in major habitats above 6000 m on Mount Everest

Bacterial abundance in surface snow between 6600 and 8000 m a.s.l. on the northern slope of Mt. Ev- erest was investigated by flow cytometry. Bacterial diversity in serac ice at 6000 m a.s.l., glacier melt- water at 6350 m, and surface snow at 6600 m a.s.l. was examined by constructing a 16S rRNA gene clone library. Bacterial abundance in snow was higher than that in the Antarctic but similar to other mountain regions in the world. Bacterial abundance in surface snow increased with altitude but showed no correlation with chemical parameters. Bacteria in the cryosphere on Mt. Everest were closely related to those isolated from soil, aquatic environments, plants, animals, humans and other frozen environ- ments. Bacterial community structures in major habitats above 6000 m were variable. The Cyto- phaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) group absolutely dominated in glacial meltwater, while β-Proteobacteria and the CFB group dominated in serac ice, and β-Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria dominated in surface snow. The remarkable differences among the habitats were most likely due to the bacterial post-deposition changes during acclimation processes.     

Preliminary evidence indicating Dome A （Antarctica） satisfying preconditions for drilling the oldest ice core

Lowest temperature and snow accumulation rate are preconditions for retrieving the oldest ice core from the polar ice sheets. The 10-m depth firn temperature at Dome A, the summit of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, recorded by an automatic weather station （AWS） was -58.3℃ in 2005 and -58.2℃ in 2006, respectively. The 10-m firn temperature is an approximation of the annual mean air temperature （AMAT）, and this is the lowest AMAT that has been recorded on the surface of the Earth. The stable isotopic ratios （δ^18O and δD） of surface snow at Dome A are also lower than at other ice sheet domes along the East Antarctic Ice Divide such as Dome C, Dome F, Dome B and Vostok. These facts indicate that Dome A is the ＂pole of cold＂ on the Earth. The total amount of snow accumulation rate in 2005 and 2006 was only 0.16 cm, equaling 0.016 m water equivalent per year, the lowest precipitation ever recorded from Antarctica. Preliminary evidences indicate that Dome A is a candidate site for recovering the oldest ice core.     

Change of bacterial community in the Malan Ice Core and its relation to climate and environment

In order to understand the relationship between the community structure of bacteria in ice core and the past climate and environment, we initiated the study on the microorganisms in the three selected ice samples from the Malan ice core drilled from the Tibetan Plateau. The 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) molecules were directly amplified from the melt water samples, and three 16S rDNA clone libraries were established. Among 94 positive clones, eleven clones with unique restriction pattern were used for partial sequence and compared with eight reported sequences from the same ice core. The phylotypes were divided into 5 groups: alpha, beta, gamma proteobacteria; CFB, and other eubacteria group. Among them, there were many “typical Malan glacial bacteria“ pertaining to psychrophilies and new bacteria found in the ice core. At a longer time scale, the concentration distribution of “typical Malan glacial bacteria“ with depth showed negative correlation with temperature variations and was coincident with dirty layer. It implied the influence of temperature on the microbial record through impact on the concentrations of the “typical Malan glacial bacteria“. In addition, the nutrition contained in ice was another important factor controlling the distribution of microbial population in ice core section. Moreover, the result displayed an apparent layer distribution of bacterial community in the ice core section, which reflected the microbial response to the past climatic and environmental conditions at the time of deposition.     

Primary investisation of the pollution status of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in water and soil of Xuanwei and Fuyuan,Yunnan Province,China

Lung cancer incidence in Xuanwei and Fuyuan is extremely high. The air pollution, especially indoor airborne PAHs generated by burning smoky coals, has been considered as the most probable reason. The air pollution may affect drinking water and soil through dry and wet deposition. In this study, the concentrations of PAHs in water and soil samples from Xuanwei and Fuyuan were monitored to investigate the influence of atmospheric PAHs pollution on water and soil. No obvious PAHs pollution in water was found in these two areas, indicating that airborne PAHs have no apparent effect on the drinking water （well water）. The smoky coal combustion from household and industry, such as the activities related to power plants, coking plants and chemical industries, is responsible for the soil PAHs pollution in these two areas. The soil pollution might be the reemission source and would pose long-term threat to the local environment and health of residents.     

Diversity of 16S rDNA and environmental factor influencing microorganisms in Malan ice core

The research on extrempholic microorganisms in glacial low-temperature environment receives more attention than ever before. Due to the successive chronological records in ice core, it is important to initiate microbiological studies on ice core samples. 23 samples from one ice core,drilled from central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, were analyzed.The number of total microorganisms and culturable microorganisms in different layers showed that it related with the content of dust in ice. It is suggested that the distribution of microorganisms in ice depends on the transportation of materials during glacier development. The bacteria diversity in Malan Glacier was analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing methods, which showed that many sequences were similar to known psychrophilic bacteria.     

A 780-year record of explosive volcanism from DT263 ice core in east Antarctica

Ice cores recovered from polar ice sheet received and preserved sulfuric acid fallout from explosive volcanic eruptions. DT263 ice core was retrieved from an east Antarctic location. The ice core is dated using a combination of annual layer counting and volcanic time stratigraphic horizon as 780 years (1215-1996 A.D.). The ice core record demonstrates that during the period of approximately 1460-1800 A.D., the accumulation is sharply lower than the levels prior to and after this period. This period coincides with the most recent neoglacial climatic episode, the "Little Ice Age (LIA)", that has been found in numerous Northern Hemisphere proxy and historic records. The non-sea-salt SO42- concentrations indicate seventeen volcanic events in DT263 ice core. Compared with those from previous Antarctic ice cores, significant discrepancies are found between these records in relative volcanic flux of several well-known events. The discrepancies among these records may be explained by the differences in surface topography, accumulation rate, snow drift and distribution which highlight the potential impact of local glaci-ology on ice core volcanic records, analytical techniques used for sulfate measurement, etc. Volcanic eruptions in middle and high southern latitudes affect volcanic records in Antarctic snow more intensively than those in the low latitudes.     

Temporal-spatial dynamics of distribution patterns of microorganism relating to biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert

Biological soil crusts serve as an important biological factor contributing to the sand fixation. This study was conducted to investigate the temporal-spatial variability of microorganism in crusts relating to locations, soil layers of sand dunes and seasons. At moss-dominated inter-dune areas, higher soil nutrient and water concentrations were likely to maintain the microbial activities. Bacteria showed the highest capabilities of settlement and growth in inter-dunes in both spring and autumn. Soil water content reached the highest value in soil crusts in the inter-dune areas, especially in spring. Variations of quantities of actinomyces and fungi basically showed the consistent trend in different locations of sand dunes. With the deepening of soil layers, vertical distribution of quantities of each microorganism group showed different characteristics because environmental factors fluctuated in both spring and autumn. Among different microorganism groups, bacteria were predominant, actinomyces the next and fungi the least in both spring and autumn in all soil layers （0-20 cm）. The proportion of bacteria and soil water content were higher in spring than those in autumn in all soil layers （0-20 cm）. No consistent trends were found in actinomyces and fungi. The results showed that the quantities of microorganisms were significantly positive correlated with organic matter content, soil water content, total N, total P, available P, available K, pH, electrical conductivity, total salt content,catalase, urease, phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase.     

An analysis of soil composition and mechanical properties of riverbanks in a braided reach of the Lower Yellow River

The channel adjustment in a braided reach is very prominent in the fluvial processes of the Lower Yellow Rlver, In whlch the process of bank erosion plays an important role, especially durlng the perlod of clear water scourlng. The process of bank erosion is closely related to soil composition and mechanlcal properties of the riverbanks. In this paper, the recent bank erosion process in a bralded reach between Huayuankou and Gaocun was firstly investigated after the water impoundment and sediment detentlon of the Xlaolangdi Reservoir, and then a field observation and indoor soil testa were conducted at 10 typlcal riverbanks in the braided reach. Through analyzing the experlmental results, changes of t;brtnsml-soo; composition and mechanical properties were found, and the two real reasons causlng serlous bank erosion in the braided reach were identified. The following conclusions were drawn from thls study： （i） the majority of riverbanks are made up of cohesive soil, and can be characterlzed by obvlous vertlcal stratification structures of soil composition; （ii） these riverbanks are very erodlble due to the lower clay-content and weak erosion-resistant strength in the bank soil, wlth its crltlcal shear stress value （0.1-0.3 Pa） being much less than that of the average near-bank flow shear stress （2.0-3.0 Pa）, which is one important reason causing serious bank erosion; （iii） frequent occurrence of bank fallure during flood seasons usually results from the fact that the values of shear strength parameters such as the cohesion and internal friction angle decrease with the increase of water content In riverbank soil, and the value of cohesion reduces drastically from 34 to 4 kPa wlth the Increase of water content, which is another important reason causing serious bank erosion in the bralded reach.     

Dynamic study on water stability of soil structure and soil characteristics of several types of soils in southwest China

Three suborder soils in southwest China were adopted, namely Ustic Vertisol, Stagnic Anthrosol and Ustic Ferrosol, so as to carry out the basic physical and chemical analysis respectively, to design a dynamic measuring method for water stability of soil structure and conduct the comparative study on the quality of the soil structure. The results indicated that （1） The water stability dynamic characteristic of the soil structure could well reflect the maintaining capability of the soil structure as time goes on. （2） The quality of several soil structures in southwest China was sequenced as follows： Stagnic Anthrosols 〉 Ustic Vertisols 〉 Ustic Ferrosols. （3） The water stability of soil structure is very positively correlated with the capillary porosity and the clay particle （D 〈 0.002 mm） content （Co）, but is very negatively correlated with the silt （D is 0.05-0.002 ram） content （Csc）, and （4） The dynamic functional equation of the water stability of soil structure in southwest China was established, so that the water stability characteristics of various soil structures could be quantitatively expressed and the quality of different soil structures can be quantitatively compared from each other.     

Seasonal variation of snow microbial community structure in the East Rongbuk glacier, Mt. Everest

Mt. Everest, the zenith of the world, plays an impor- tant role in the global climate change. During the lastdecade, some studies on glacier and snow have been undertaken in this region. The climate and environment changes in the past hundred years have b…     

海芒果可培养细菌的分离鉴定及其抑制海洋鱼类致病菌活性研究

【目的】研究红树植物海芒果Cerbera manghas L.及其根际土壤可培养细菌多样性及其代谢产物抑制鱼类致病菌的生物活性。【方法】采用纯培养法分离并基于16SrRNA基因序列的系统发育分析法对分离得到的细菌进行多样性研究,采用滤纸片法研究其抑制海洋鱼类致病菌的生物活性。【结果】从海芒果及其根际土壤中共分离得到15株可培养细菌,采用16SrRNA基因序列的系统发育分析后发现,这些菌分属于2个大的细菌发育类群:厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,占比为53%)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria,占比为47%),其中4株为芽孢杆菌属,6株为链霉菌属。活性研究发现,所有测试菌株对3种海洋鱼类致病弧菌均有一定的抑制作用,其中VT86(Kitasatospora paranensis),V139-2(Streptomyces luteireticuli),V140-2(Streptomyces jiujiangensis),VT19(Streptomyces orinoci),VT113(Streptomyces niveiscabiei)这5株菌的抑菌效果较好,以VT86(K.paranensis)抑菌活性最好。【结论】红树植物海芒果及其根际土壤中的细菌丰富多样,部分细菌具有抑制海洋鱼类致病菌生长的生物活性,具有开发成新型抑制鱼类致病菌药物的潜力。     

从腾冲热海免培养获得的5个16 S rDNA克隆分析

 用免培养法(culture-independent approach)从腾冲大滚锅高温热泉中获得的16SrDNA,经克隆筛选,测定了其中5个克隆的16SrDNA插入片段的近全序列.构建的系统发育树分析结果表明,5个克隆中有2个是Bacillus属,1个是Hydrogenobacter属,1个是Pseudomonas属,还有1个在Thermodesulfobacteriaceae科,介于Geothermbacterium属和Thermodesulfobacteria属之间.     

青海柯柯盐湖16株细菌的ARDRA筛选及系统发育初步分析

 从青海柯柯盐湖泥样中分离的16株细菌,用2种限制性内切酶酶切进行ARDRA分析,其中12株菌的酶切带谱有较大差异.根据这12株菌的16SrDNA序列进行系统发育分析结果表明,12株菌有11株分布于芽孢杆菌科中的Halobacillus,Gracibacillus,Amphibacillus,Virgibacillus,Bacillus,Salibacillus和1个潜在的新属中,另1株属于Proteobacteria的Gamma亚群Halomonadaceae科,Halomonas属.而且16SrDNA系统发育分析提示这些菌株中存在3个新种和1个新属的可能.本研究得出的结论为:应用ARDRA来初步筛选菌株是可行的;青海柯柯盐湖这一极端环境中存在较丰富的新的芽孢菌种类.     

山口红树林土壤芽孢杆菌多样性及纤维素酶活性筛选研究

为探究广西山口红树林保护区内土壤中芽孢杆菌的多样性,挖掘具有稳定性好、耐高温的纤维素酶活性菌株,本研究利用可培养技术和基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育树分析研究红树林土壤中可培养芽孢杆菌的多样性,并以羧甲基纤维素钠为唯一碳源,结合刚果红纤维素培养法、滤纸条崩解试验、纤维素酶活力测定法,对分离出的芽孢杆菌开展纤维素降解活性研究。结果表明,从红树林土壤中共分离出171株芽孢杆菌,隶属于4科12属40种,其中芽孢杆菌属为优势菌属;从中筛选出9株具有显著纤维素酶活性的芽孢杆菌,其中4株具有显著的热稳定性。广西山口红树林自然保护区内土壤中蕴含着十分丰富的可培养芽孢杆菌种类,且部分菌株呈现出显著的纤维素酶活性,具有较大的挖掘潜力。     

基于高通量测序的不同养殖系统下凡纳滨对虾肠道和水体中微生物的多样性

【目的】研究不同养殖系统对凡纳滨对虾肠道及水体微生物多样性的影响。【方法】以循环养殖系统和非养殖系统下凡纳滨对虾养殖水体及其肠道为研究对象,在养殖30d后采集样品,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序样品细菌16SrRNA基因V3+V4区,通过RDP11.3、Greengenes13.8、NCBI 16S Microbial和Customized batabase等数据库进行分析,阐述循环养殖系统的意义和微生物在其中的作用。【结果】养殖期间,不同养殖系统凡纳滨对虾均正常存活。将原始序列优化后对Clean序列进行分析,非循环系统下水体优质序列百分比约81%,肠道中约89%;循环系统下水体优质序列百分比为92%,肠道中为94%。两种养殖系统下水体和肠道细菌在纲水平占绝对优势的是变形菌纲,但各菌群丰度不同;不同的Alpha指数显示出物种间的差异性;通过系统发育树可以看出,不同养殖系统改变了凡纳滨对虾生境中的物种及发育关系,间接阐述微生物在养殖生境中的作用和意义。【结论】通过高通量测序揭示不同养殖系统中微生物菌群的差异以及多样性,对于凡纳滨对虾实际养殖具有指导作用,对阐述养殖过程中微生物和相关疾病的关系具有重要意义。     

牛大力内生细菌的多样性及其促生特性研究

为研究牛大力Callerya speciose内生细菌多样性组成及其促生特性,从经表面消毒处理的牛大力根茎组织中分离内生细菌,采用16SrDNA序列分析法对内生细菌的多样性进行系统发育分析,并以固氮、溶磷性、产铁载体、产IAA能力等为指标,对内生细菌进行促生特性检测。从牛大力根和茎中共分离到59株内生细菌,包括16属20种,芽孢杆菌属是牛大力的优势菌群;在20种分离菌株中,分别有11,17,7株具有潜在的固氮、溶磷性、产铁载体能力,有13株菌可以合成IAA。其中RH17-2、RH17-5、GR2-1 3株菌同时具备固氮、溶磷性、产铁载体、产IAA 4种促生特性。从牛大力中分离得到的内生细菌具有丰富的物种多样性和促生特性,在未来的农业生产上具有潜在的应用价值。