造血重建小鼠骨髓中成纤维细胞的起源

选择Y染色体特异的性别决定基因(Sry)作为新的细胞遗传标志,采用PCR技术对小鼠骨髓细胞重建造血的性能和造血重建小鼠骨髓中成纤维细胞的起源进行研究.将正常雄鼠骨髓细胞输注给经致死剂量射线照射的受体雌性小鼠,PCR技术检测结果表明,在活存小鼠的骨髓、脾脏、胸腺和淋巴结中均具有供体起源的细胞.而正常雄鼠或5-氟尿嘧啶处理的雄鼠骨髓细胞输注给受体雌性小鼠后,造血重建小鼠骨髓中的成纤维细胞则为受体起源.由此可见,小鼠骨髓中的成纤维细胞与造血细胞具有不同的起源.     

塔形马蹄螺雌性生殖系统的显微结构研究

塔形马蹄螺为雌雄异体，其雌性生殖系统主要由卵巢和输卵管组成，没有受精囊、交合囊和子宫，也没有其他的附属腺体．卵巢小管内存在不同发育时期的卵原细胞、初级卵母细胞、次级卵母细胞、卵黄合成期卵母细胞和成熟卵母细胞．输卵管壁向管腔凸出8～9个皱褶，柱状上皮细胞游离缘具细长纤毛；卵巢的发育具季节性．     

In vivo imaging of specialized bone marrow endothelial microdomains for tumour engraftment

The organization of cellular niches is known to have a key role in regulating normal stem cell differentiation and regeneration, but relatively little is known about the architecture of microenvironments that support malignant metastasis. Using dynamic in vivo confocal imaging, here we show that murine bone marrow contains unique anatomic regions defined by specialized endothelium. This vasculature expresses the adhesion molecule E-selectin and the chemoattractant stromal-cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) in discrete, discontinuous areas that influence the homing of a variety of tumour cell lines. Disruption of the interactions between SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4 inhibits the homing of Nalm-6 cells (an acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cell line) to these vessels. Further studies revealed that circulating leukaemic cells can engraft around these vessels, suggesting that this molecularly distinct vasculature demarcates a microenvironment for early metastatic tumour spread in bone marrow. Finally, purified haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and lymphocytes also localize to the same microdomains, indicating that this vasculature might also function in benign states to demarcate specific portals for the entry of cells into the marrow space. Specialized vascular structures therefore appear to delineate a microenvironment with unique physiology that can be exploited by circulating malignant cells.     

In vitro osteoclast generation from different bone marrow fractions, including a highly enriched haematopoietic stem cell population

It is well established that the osteoclast is formed by fusion of post-mitotic, mononuclear precursors derived from circulating progenitor cells. However, the precise haematopoietic origin of the osteoclast is unknown. We have investigated this here by fractionating mouse bone marrow and isolating haematopoietic stem cells using a three-step method combining equilibrium density centrifugation and two fluorescence-activated cell sortings (FACS), and have tested the ability of each bone marrow fraction, including highly purified haematopoietic stem cells, to generate osteoclasts during co-culture with preosteoclast-free embryonic long bones. The osteoclast-forming capacity was found to increase with increasing stem cell purity. On the other hand, the culture time needed for osteoclast formation also increased with purification, suggesting the presence of progressively more immature progenitor cells. The pluripotent haematopoietic stem cell fractions with the highest purity needed preincubation with a stem cell-activating factor (interleukin-3) to activate the predominantly quiescent stem cells in vitro.     

三疣梭子蟹第一次卵巢发育过程中卵母细胞和卵泡细胞超微结构的观察

通过透射电镜技术研究了东海三疣梭子蟹初产卵巢发育过程中卵巢的超微结构的变化.1)三疣梭子蟹初产卵巢发育过程中卵黄发生期可分为初期和后期;2)卵黄发生初期在7~9月间,此阶段卵黄生成以内源性合成为主,卵母细胞核物质外输明显,胞浆内大量的粗面内质网正在进行卵黄物质的内源性合成;3)卵黄发生后期在10月至第二年4月间,卵泡细胞与卵母细胞的结合阶段,卵母细胞借助卵泡细胞进行外源性卵黄物质合成,卵母细胞与卵泡细胞间的界线逐渐消失,部分卵泡细胞由于胞质大量输出仅见胞核,此时内源性卵黄合成仍然存在;4)排卵后,由于大量成熟卵细胞的排出,卵巢组织存在大量的基膜,残留成熟卵母细胞中的卵黄物质已经解体,卵黄颗粒自中央向边缘逐渐松散.     

Isolation and characterization of genomic and cDNA clones of human erythropoietin

The glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin regulates the level of oxygen in the blood by modulating the number of circulating erythrocytes, and is produced in the kidney or liver of adult and the liver of fetal or neonatal mammals. Neither the precise cell types that produce erythropoietin nor the mechanisms by which the same or different cells measure the circulating oxygen concentration and consequently regulate erythropoietin production are known. Cells responsive to erythropoietin have been identified in the adult bone marrow, fetal liver or adult spleen. In cultures of erythropoietic progenitors, erythropoietin stimulates proliferation and differentiation to more mature red blood cells. Detailed molecular studies have been hampered, however, by the impurity and heterogeneity of target cell populations and the difficulty of obtaining significant quantities of the purified hormone. Highly purified erythropoietin may be useful in the treatment of various forms of anaemia, particularly in chronic renal failure. Here we describe the cloning of the human erythropoietin gene and the expression of an erythropoietin cDNA clone in a transient mammalian expression system to yield a secreted product with biological activity.     

Haemonectin, a bone marrow adhesion protein specific for cells of granulocyte lineage

There is substantial evidence that the haematopoietic microenvironment is crucial to the growth and differentiation of haematopoietic cells. This microenvironment is composed of stromal cells, soluble factors and extracellular matrix (ECM). We have shown that a complex extract of bone marrow ECM can stimulate the growth and differentiation of haematopoietic cells in vitro. Furthermore, the use of inhibitors or stimulators of ECM synthesis in long-term marrow culture affects cell proliferation. On a molecular level, however, the interactions between ECM and haematopoietic cells are not well understood. We have investigated the adhesion between specific bone marrow ECM components and haematopoietic cells, and found a protein, 'haemonectin', of relative molecular mass 60,000 in bone marrow ECM which is a lineage- and organ-specific attachment molecule for cells of granulocyte lineage. This specificity distinguishes haemonectin from previously described adhesion proteins which have a wider tissue distribution and cell type specificity.     

中华鳖红细胞发育过程的观察

通过骨髓、脾脏、肝脏、肾脏和外周血等器官涂片或印片观察来探讨中华鳖红细胞的产生器官、发育场所和发育各阶段的特征。结果表明骨髓是中华鳖红细胞的发源地，骨髓和脾脏是红细胞成熟的主要场所，在外周血和脾脏中亦可见少量未成熟或正在有丝分裂的红细胞，红细胞发育经过原始、幼稚和成熟等三个阶段，着重描述了红细胞发育各阶段的主要形态特征。     

Bone marrow cells adopt the phenotype of other cells by spontaneous cell fusion

Recent studies have demonstrated that transplanted bone marrow cells can turn into unexpected lineages including myocytes, hepatocytes, neurons and many others. A potential problem, however, is that reports discussing such 'transdifferentiation' in vivo tend to conclude donor origin of transdifferentiated cells on the basis of the existence of donor-specific genes such as Y-chromosome markers. Here we demonstrate that mouse bone marrow cells can fuse spontaneously with embryonic stem cells in culture in vitro that contains interleukin-3. Moreover, spontaneously fused bone marrow cells can subsequently adopt the phenotype of the recipient cells, which, without detailed genetic analysis, might be interpreted as 'dedifferentiation' or transdifferentiation.     

应激引起不同年龄、性别和种类小鼠免疫器官退化的比较研究

以警告信号加足底电击的方式(简称信号电击)对不同年龄、性别和种类小鼠进行应激,每天24min,共7d。结果发现,应激后免疫器官退化,重量减轻,而且这种变化与年龄和性别有关。胸腺退化,年龄大的鼠比年龄小的鼠更明显,而脾脏则相反,年龄小的鼠更敏感。另外,胸腺的退化雄性要高于雌性,而脾脏则没有性别上的差异。从种类上看,Swiss鼠比Balb/c鼠更敏感。对淋巴结来说,这种退化没有表现出年龄、性别和种类的差异。此外,应激使胸腺、脾脏内的淋巴细胞总数和骨髓内淋巴细胞的比例减少。这一结果说明,胸腺和脾脏的退化,不是由于组织内体液的减少,而是胸腺和脾脏内淋巴细胞绝对数减少之故。     

Germline stem cells and follicular renewal in the postnatal mammalian ovary

A basic doctrine of reproductive biology is that most mammalian females lose the capacity for germ-cell renewal during fetal life, such that a fixed reserve of germ cells (oocytes) enclosed within follicles is endowed at birth. Here we show that juvenile and adult mouse ovaries possess mitotically active germ cells that, based on rates of oocyte degeneration (atresia) and clearance, are needed to continuously replenish the follicle pool. Consistent with this, treatment of prepubertal female mice with the mitotic germ-cell toxicant busulphan eliminates the primordial follicle reserve by early adulthood without inducing atresia. Furthermore, we demonstrate cells expressing the meiotic entry marker synaptonemal complex protein 3 in juvenile and adult mouse ovaries. Wild-type ovaries grafted into transgenic female mice with ubiquitous expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) become infiltrated with GFP-positive germ cells that form follicles. Collectively, these data establish the existence of proliferative germ cells that sustain oocyte and follicle production in the postnatal mammalian ovary.     

椭圆背角无齿蚌卵子发生的研究

作者通过石蜡切片技术与苏木精－伊红染色的组织学方法及超薄切片技术和透射电镜观察，较系统地研究了椭圆背角无齿蚌卵细胞的发生、发育与成熟过程的细胞学特征：原始生殖细胞在滤泡壁上分裂增殖，成为卵原细胞、卵原细胞发育、膨大成为卵母细胞而排入滤泡腔。在滤泡腔中卵母细胞不断地进行卵黄的合成与积累，体积继续增大。最后成熟的卵母细胞，在未完成减数分裂的情况下直接排入外鳃叶腔，与随水流入的精子相遇而受精，在观察的基础上，作者比较分析了双壳纲淡水贝类生殖过程中所具有的一般特征，着重讨论了卵子发生过程中的双核仁现象与卵黄发生，成熟卵母细胞减数分裂的阻断与重新起始。     

Stem cell engraftment at the endosteal niche is specified by the calcium-sensing receptor

During mammalian ontogeny, haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) translocate from the fetal liver to the bone marrow, where haematopoiesis occurs throughout adulthood. Unique features of bone that contribute to a microenvironmental niche for stem cells might include the known high concentration of calcium ions at the HSC-enriched endosteal surface. Cells respond to extracellular ionic calcium concentrations through the seven-transmembrane-spanning calcium-sensing receptor (CaR), which we identified as being expressed on HSCs. Here we show that, through the CaR, the simple ionic mineral content of the niche may dictate the preferential localization of adult mammalian haematopoiesis in bone. Antenatal mice deficient in CaR had primitive haematopoietic cells in the circulation and spleen, whereas few were found in bone marrow. CaR-/- HSCs from fetal liver were normal in number, in proliferative and differentiative function, and in migration and homing to the bone marrow. Yet they were highly defective in localizing anatomically to the endosteal niche, behaviour that correlated with defective adhesion to the extracellular matrix protein, collagen I. CaR has a function in retaining HSCs in close physical proximity to the endosteal surface and the regulatory niche components associated with it.     

Advances in tissue engineering

Tissue engineering is a newly developed specialty involved in the construction of tissues and organs either in vitro or in vivo. Tremendous progress has been achieved over the past decade in tisse construction as well as in other related areas, such as bone marrow stromal cells, embryonic stem cells and tissue progenitor cells. In our laboratory, tissues of full-thickness skin, bone, cartilage and tendon have been successfully engineered, and the engineered tissues have repaired full-thickness skin wound, cranial bone defects, articular cartilage defects and tendon defects in animals. In basic research areas, bone marrow stromal cells have been induced and transformed into osteoblasts and chondrocytes in vitro. Mouse embryo stem cell lines we established have differentiated into neuron precursor, cardiac muscle cells and epithelial cells. Genetic modifications of seed cells for promoting cell proliferation, delaying cell aging and inducing immune tolerance have also been investigated.     

Formation of haematopoietic microenvironment and haematopoietic stem cells from single human bone marrow stem cells.

Haematopoietic stem cells are a population of cells capable both of self renewal and of differentiation into a variety of haematopoietic lineages. Enrichment techniques of human haematopoietic stem cells have used the expression of CD34, present on bone marrow progenitor cells. But most CD34+ bone marrow cells are committed to their lineage, and more recent efforts have focused on the precise characterization of the pluripotent subset of CD34+ cells. Here we report the characterization of two distinct subsets of pluripotent stem cells from human fetal bone marrow, a CD34+, HLA-DR+, CD38- subset that can differentiate into all haematopoietic lineages, and a distinct more primitive subset, that is CD34+, HLA-DR-, CD38-, that can differentiate into haematopoietic precursors and stromal cells capable of supporting the differentiation of these precursors. These data represent, to our knowledge, the first identification of a single cell capable of reconstituting the haematopoietic cells and their associated bone marrow microenvironment.     

Expression of human adenosine deaminase in murine haematopoietic progenitor cells following retroviral transfer

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism, leads to severe combined immune deficiency in man. This enzyme, although constitutively expressed in most tissues, is expressed at high level in immature T cells, and study of the pathophysiology of the disorder indicates that increased deoxyadenosine or altered methylation capacity have toxic effects on T-cell maturation. Although bone marrow transplantation can correct the immune deficiency, this therapy is associated with graft-versus-host disease and incomplete immune restoration, and so our laboratory and others have sought to develop a method of gene replacement as a possible treatment for the disease. Moreover, characterization of the complementary DNA of the human ADA gene and some of its mutants makes it possible to design gene transfer strategies. We have now subcloned a human adenosine deaminase cDNA into the retrovirus shuttle vector pZIP-SV(B), and in this way have isolated a cell line, 4.2T, which produces high titres of replication-defective retrovirus which have been used to transfer the gene for human ADA to mouse bone marrow cells. Transfer and expression of the neomycin-resistance gene (neo) and the ADA gene in murine bone marrow colony-forming units (CFU) was demonstrated by in vitro colony formation in the presence of the antibiotic G418 or 9-xylofuranosyladenine plus deoxycoformycin, respectively. Isoenzyme analysis also showed human ADA expression in the cultured mouse bone marrow.     

Haematopoietic stem cells adopt mature haematopoietic fates in ischaemic myocardium

Under conditions of tissue injury, myocardial replication and regeneration have been reported. A growing number of investigators have implicated adult bone marrow (BM) in this process, suggesting that marrow serves as a reservoir for cardiac precursor cells. It remains unclear which BM cell(s) can contribute to myocardium, and whether they do so by transdifferentiation or cell fusion. Here, we studied the ability of c-kit-enriched BM cells, Lin- c-kit+ BM cells and c-kit+ Thy1.1(lo) Lin- Sca-1+ long-term reconstituting haematopoietic stem cells to regenerate myocardium in an infarct model. Cells were isolated from transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) and injected directly into ischaemic myocardium of wild-type mice. Abundant GFP+ cells were detected in the myocardium after 10 days, but by 30 days, few cells were detectable. These GFP+ cells did not express cardiac tissue-specific markers, but rather, most of them expressed the haematopoietic marker CD45 and myeloid marker Gr-1. We also studied the role of circulating cells in the repair of ischaemic myocardium using GFP+-GFP- parabiotic mice. Again, we found no evidence of myocardial regeneration from blood-borne partner-derived cells. Our data suggest that even in the microenvironment of the injured heart, c-kit-enriched BM cells, Lin- c-kit+ BM cells and c-kit+ Thy1.1(lo) Lin- Sca-1+ long-term reconstituting haematopoietic stem cells adopt only traditional haematopoietic fates.     

Cell fusion is the principal source of bone-marrow-derived hepatocytes

Evidence suggests that haematopoietic stem cells might have unexpected developmental plasticity, highlighting therapeutic potential. For example, bone-marrow-derived hepatocytes can repopulate the liver of mice with fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase deficiency and correct their liver disease. To determine the underlying mechanism in this murine model, we performed serial transplantation of bone-marrow-derived hepatocytes. Here we show by Southern blot analysis that the repopulating hepatocytes in the liver were heterozygous for alleles unique to the donor marrow, in contrast to the original homozygous donor cells. Furthermore, cytogenetic analysis of hepatocytes transplanted from female donor mice into male recipients demonstrated 80,XXXY (diploid to diploid fusion) and 120,XXXXYY (diploid to tetraploid fusion) karyotypes, indicative of fusion between donor and host cells. We conclude that hepatocytes derived form bone marrow arise from cell fusion and not by differentiation of haematopoietic stem cells.     

精子和酒精对小鼠卵母细胞激活的比较

对不同卵龄的小鼠卵母细胞被精子和酒精激活后的激活率进行了比较。结果显示,卵母细胞对常规的体外受精和酒精的人工激活的激活率存在卵龄的差异。注射hCG后15～24h的卵母细胞容易被酒精的人工刺激所激活,20h卵龄的卵母细胞激活率最高,平均为81．6％,且速即卵裂率也最高,平均为48％,卵龄更大的卵母细胞激活率降低,而13h的卵母细胞难以被酒精激活。另一方面,13～15h的卵母细胞容易被精子激活而受精,卵龄较大的卵母细胞在体外难以被精子激活受精。这表明,精子和酒精对卵母细胞的激活机制有所不同。