两性聚电解质型高吸水树脂的合成及溶胀性能研究

用溴己烷和甲基丙烯酸二甲胺基乙酯(DMAEA)合成N,N'-二甲基,N-己基甲基丙烯酰氧乙基溴化铵(DMAEA-HB),再采用这种含有烯丙基结构的不饱和季铵盐、丙烯酸(AA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为原料,以过硫酸钾-亚硫酸氢钠(K2S2O8-NaHSO3)为引发体系,采用反相悬浮聚合法合成含有阴阳离子的两性聚电解质高吸水树脂(SAP),讨论了引发剂、交联剂、丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺、季铵盐用量、外部溶液pH值等因素对树脂吸液性能的影响.结果表明:在丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺(摩尔比)为1:1,季铵盐含量为2%,丙烯酸中和度为75%,交联剂用量为0.01×10-2(占单体的摩尔比),引发剂用量为1.00×10-3(K2S2O8/NaHSO3=1/1.1),反应温度为74℃的条件下,制得的SAP吸去离子水可达1 440g/g,吸0.9%的NaCl溶液为118g/g.与一般聚电解质高分子相比,两性聚电解质型吸水树脂的吸水率受外部溶液pH值的影响更为敏感.     

羧甲基纤维素接枝两性高吸水树脂的制备工艺

利用羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)和甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)为原料,通过接枝其聚反应合成高吸水性树脂.对制备高吸水树脂的影响因素如CMC用量、单体AA、AM、DMC的用量和配比、引发剂(NaHSO3、(NH4)2S2O8)用量、交联剂N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(NMBA)用量、AA中和度等进行分析研究.结果表明:纤维素接枝两性高吸水树脂的最佳制备工艺条件为∶m(AA)∶m(AM)∶m(DMC)=1.86∶1.00∶0.31,AA中和度为75%,CMC质量分数为5%,引发剂质量分数为2.5%,交联剂质量分数为0.1%,反应温度为60 ℃,反应时间为45 min.这种工艺条件下,可制备出吸蒸馏水倍率高达1 503 g/g、吸生理盐水165 g/g的两性高吸水性树脂.     

分步法合成SA-IP-P(AA/AM)互穿网络高吸水性树脂及其性能研究

以淀粉接枝丙烯酸共聚物SA为互穿物,以丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)为聚合单体,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(NMBA)为交联剂,采用(NH4)2S2O8-NaHSO3氧化还原引发体系,通过分步法制备SA-IP-P(AA/AM)互穿网络高吸水性树脂。其适宜反应条件为:w(丙烯酰胺/丙烯酸)=0.4;丙烯酸中和度85%;引发剂用量0.32%;交联剂用量0.035%;SA用量8%.在此条件下合成的SA-IP-P(AA/AM)树脂吸去离子倍率和吸0.9%NaCl盐水倍率分别可达到1 480 g.g-1和120 g.g-1.通过红外光谱、扫描电镜、透射电镜和X射线衍射等测试研究了产物中互穿聚合物网络结构,结果显示在保持已有树脂优良性能的基础上,进一步改善了高吸水树脂的保水性能、耐盐性和对环境中水分的应答性.     

油田用吸水性树脂的合成与性能研究

文中以聚丙烯酸盐为主体合成的吸水性树脂是一种新型油田调驱剂,它是以丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺为反应单体,以N, N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,并加入聚乙烯醇,在60 ℃下以过硫酸铵/亚硫酸氢钠为引发剂合成的吸水性树脂。研究结果表明:当交联剂质量分数在0.05%～0.10%范围内时,吸水性树脂常温25 ℃下吸水量较低(340 mL/g),而在高温90 ℃下吸水量则升高到645 g/g;当n(AM)∶n(AA)摩尔比在0～0.14范围变化时吸盐量也由5 mL/g提高到60 mL/g,这种吸水量依赖于温度而变化的吸水性树脂适合用作油田调驱剂。     

硅藻土/β-环糊精复合高吸水树脂的研究

采用水溶液聚合法,以N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(NMBA)为交联剂,过硫酸钾(KPS)为引发剂,在丙烯酸(AA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)共聚交联反应的基础上添加一定比例的硅藻土和β-环糊精(β-CD),制备硅藻土/β-环糊精复合高吸水树脂。考察了硅藻土与β-环糊精的质量比、单体质量比、交联剂的用量、引发剂用量、反应温度和丙烯酸中和度对复合树脂吸水率的影响。实验结果表明,当m(硅藻土)∶m(β-环糊精)=1∶3,m(AA):m(AM)=5∶1,w(交联剂)=0.04%,w(引发剂)=0.3%,反应温度T=75℃,AA中和度为70%时,复合高吸水树脂最大吸水率为783 g·g~(-1),最大吸盐水率为85 g·g~(-1)。     

聚丙烯酸类互穿聚合物网络高吸水性树脂的合成

以丙烯酸(AA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体,以N,N′–亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,过硫酸钾为引发剂,将改性聚乙烯醇引入聚合体系,采用水溶液聚合法制备聚丙烯酸型吸水性树脂.重点研究了n(AM)∶n(AA)、丙烯酸中和度、交联剂和引发剂用量以及聚乙烯醇含量对吸水树脂性能的影响,研究了吸水树脂粒径与吸水速率的关系.实验结果表明:实验范围内n(AM)∶n(AA)=1∶2、丙烯酸中和度为60%,、改性聚乙烯醇用量为AM质量的10%,、交联剂和引发剂分别占单体总质量的0.04%,和2.5%,时,树脂的吸水率和耐盐性都达到最佳效果.此外,产物粒径为120目时,前30,s内吸水速率最快;但是粒径为100目时,吸水树脂最先达到吸水饱和.     

聚(丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺)/膨润土/淀粉吸水性复合材料的制备及其性能

采用N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,以过硫酸钾为引发剂,利用水溶液聚合法制备了聚(丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺)/膨润土/淀粉吸水性复合材料,研究了膨润土用量、引发剂、交联剂、中和度、单体质量比等因素对材料吸水性能的影响,探讨了材料的保水性和吸水速率.结果表明:当膨润土含量为丙烯酸单体的13%,引发剂含量为0.8%,交联剂含量为0.04%,中和度为85%,m(AA)/m(AM)为1时,该复合材料吸水倍数为390,其保水性能良好.     

淀粉-丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺高吸水性树脂的制备与性能

文章以淀粉(starch, St)、丙烯酸(acrylic acid, AA)和丙烯酰胺(acrylamide, AM)为主要原料,采用水溶液聚合法制备淀粉-丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺高吸水性树脂。通过正交试验优化制备高吸水性树脂的工艺条件,采用单因素法研究单体AA与AM摩尔比对高吸水性树脂结构和性能的影响。研究结果表明,制备St-g-AA-AM高吸水性树脂的优化工艺条件如下:淀粉质量为2 g,单体与淀粉质量比为8∶1,过硫酸铵和N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺用量分别为淀粉用量的2%和0.5%,AA与AM摩尔比为16∶6,AA中和度为85%,此条件下制备的树脂吸水倍率为1 089.65 g/g。微观表征证实,AA和AM成功地接枝到淀粉上。     

玉米淀粉接枝高吸水树脂的制备研究*

淀粉接枝高吸水性树脂是一种带有吸水基团的网状结构高分子聚合物,是近年来国内外广泛开发研究的新型功能材料之一。以玉米淀粉、丙烯酸(AA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为原料,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)为交联剂,环己烷为连续相,过硫酸钾(KPS)作为引发剂,在氮气保护下采用反相悬浮聚合法合成高吸水性树脂微球。红外光谱法(FTIR)表明产物为淀粉接枝AA/AM高吸水树脂。通过正交试验探讨了各种因素对树脂吸液率的影响。结果表明较适宜工艺条件是:玉米淀粉用量为10%,引发剂用量为0.2%,交联剂用量为0.3%,分散剂用量为2%。通过显微镜(SEM,TEM)和热重(TGA)探讨了接枝高吸水树脂的外形和热稳定性。结果表明树脂微球粒径大多分布在100μm上下,且热稳定性良好。同时探讨了温度对淀粉接枝高吸水树脂保水能力的影响,结果表明高吸水树脂有良好的保水性能。     

微波法合成淀粉/AM/AMPS高吸水性树脂的研究

对不加引发剂和无氮气保护情况下微波辐射合成共聚高吸水性树脂进行研究。以N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(NM BA)为交联剂,采用水溶液聚合法合成淀粉/丙烯酰胺(AM)/2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AM PS)共聚高吸水性树脂,研究了单体配比,反应pH值,交联剂用量,淀粉含量及微波辐射功率对树脂吸水率的影响。结果表明在最优条件下得到的吸水树脂最大吸蒸馏水率为2 260 g/g,FT IR和偏光分析证实合成的树脂为网状接枝共聚物。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-