Nogo蛋白研究进展

NoGo基因能表达三类NoGo蛋白,(Nogo—A、Nogo—B、NoGo—C),它们属于ER家族成员,其中NoGo—A蛋白对神经细胞的再生产生显著的抑制作用,特别是细胞外NoGo—A66个氨基酸区域是主要的抑制区,NoGo—66同NgR结合传导Nogo一66的信号。研究Nogo蛋白及NgR的作用机制对临床治疗中枢神经损伤具有重要的现实意义。     

NgR在中菊头蝠(Rhinolophus affinis)脑中分布

Nogo和其受体相互作用可能在抑制神经再生中发挥着重要作用.运用免疫细胞化学方法,本研究观察了Nogo受体(NgR)在中菊头蝠脑中的分布.结果显示NgR在中菊头蝠脑皮层各层均有表达.在海马,NgR主要分布在CA1、CA3和DG区的神经细胞胞膜、胞质或/和突起上.杏仁核、丘脑、室旁核、视上核、视交叉上核等也有NgR阳性神经细胞着色.在脑的白质,轴突着色明显.小脑的分子层、Purkinje细胞层和颗粒细胞层均有NgR免疫阳性反应,其中阳性反应的颗粒细胞最多.这些提示NgR可能介导其配基对中菊头蝠脑多个区域的神经细胞起作用.     

大白鼠坐骨神经再生轴突可塑性的研究——辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)示踪观察

用HRP逆行示踪法,对成年大白鼠两侧坐骨神经端端吻合术后,再生轴突可塑性作了研究。术后1—12月不同时间内,在吻合端左侧0.8cm处,再横断坐骨神经,放入HRP,存活2天,取材观察。结果表明:所有动物脊髓腰骶段两侧前角均出现HRP标记细胞。标记细胞数量随吻合术后时间增长而增加。左侧前角较右侧前角标记细胞多。说明受损的坐骨神经轴突能再生,各自进入对侧的坐骨神经,向脊髓方向延伸。但是,仅部分再生轴突能延伸过缝合处的组织痂。本实验提示再生轴突的可塑性,它受环境因素的影响。     

小鼠视神经再生研究动物模型的建立

目的总结制作小鼠视神经完全截断性动物模型作为视神经再生研究的经验和体会。方法将雄性Bcl-2高表达转基因小鼠(Bcl-2 transgenic mice)和受GFAP启动子控制表达疱疹病毒-胸苷激酶转基因雌性小鼠(GFAP-TK)交配产生的4只8~12周成年小鼠(20~30g),Bcl-2/GFAP-TK双转基因小鼠作为实验组,同周龄4只Bcl-2转基因小鼠作为对照组。其中Bcl-2/GFAP-TK双转基因小鼠皮下植入缓释泵,连续7d释放更昔洛韦(GCV)100mg.kg-1.d-1以选择性地去除视神经损伤后激活的星形胶质细胞。更昔洛韦缓释泵植入术后2d在两组动物中制作右侧单眼标准完全性视神经钳夹损伤模型,视神经钳夹10d后获取组织标本。采用免疫荧光染色特异性检测再生轴突纤维并进行定量分析;结合罗丹明的霍乱毒素B亚单位(CTB-R)或增强表达绿色荧光蛋白的复制缺陷型腺相关病毒(AAV-EGFP)用作顺行性标记物以显示再生轴突是否到达大脑靶器官。结果在Bcl-2/GFAP-TK双转基因小鼠中存在免疫荧光阳性的再生视神经轴突,再生轴突计数为71.99±24.04,并可见生长锥(growth cone)样结构,但是再生轴突纤维未能延伸达到大脑靶器官。在对照组Bcl-2转基因小鼠中未见明显再生迹象。结论小鼠视神经完全截断性动物模型可用于视神经病变的再生研究。     

外周神经的溃变与再生

本文阐述了外周神经溃变的几种类型,诸如顺行性变性;逆行性变性;跨神经元变性及其它变性.其中包括外周神经系统的变性,也涉及到中枢神经系统.当轴突受到破坏后,几种变性都可能发生.轴突的再生过程非常重要,但它必须是在神经元胞体完好无损的情况下才能进行.此过程与几种因素相关.     

MYRF与中枢神经系统髓鞘发育

在脊椎动物的中枢神经系统中,少突胶质细胞围绕神经元轴突形成髓鞘,使神经冲动可以沿轴突跳跃式快速传导.髓鞘的异常会导致多种神经系统疾病甚至引起死亡.MYRF作为一种转录因子,是目前已知的OLs分化和髓鞘维持的最关键调控因子之一,对MYRF的研究将是髓鞘发育和再生机制的重要内容.文章就近年来MYRF调控中枢神经系统髓鞘发育的研究进展进行了总结.     

生长锥细胞骨架的运动

神经组织是神经元树突和轴突通过突触连接形成的神经纤维网络,而树突和轴突之所以能准确到达其特定靶结构并与之建立结构和功能联系则取决于突起末端生长锥的运动.生长锥能依据周围环境的生长和导向信号而改变自身的形状,具有高度的能动性.其动力来源在于其本身微管和微丝丰富而准确的运动,无论是突起的生长,还是其损伤后的再生,生长锥内微管和微丝的不断聚合和解聚,二者相互作用并不断发生独特的空间和位置变化,从而改变生长锥的生长行为,以及神经元的形态和它们之间形成的网络结构.对生长锥细胞骨架工作模式的认识,有助于理解突起的生长和再生过程.     

日本研究人员发现神经轴突生长的机制

日本奈良尖端科学技术大学院大学、东北大学等机构的研究人员9月12日报告说，他们通过动物实验，发现了神经细胞轴突形成的机制。轴突是神经细胞长出的一根较长的圆柱形细长突起，每个正常的神经细胞只会伸出一个轴突。它是神经系统主要的信号传递通道，人类的轴突最长可以达到1米。此前，研究人员已知轴突的前端是通过扩展细胞膜而伸长的，但是一直不清楚其详细的形成机制。新研究中，     

兴奋在神经纤维上的传播是双向的,但是实际上似乎只需单向传播就行了。双向传播对人体有什么意义?

正神经纤维是神经细胞的突起,包括轴突和树突。而兴奋的本质是动作电位。对神经细胞来说,兴奋是树突接受刺激后诱发细胞体与轴突连接处的轴丘(轴突起始段)形成动作电位而产生的。动作电位产生后的确是双向传播的,一方面向轴突末端传播,此过程并     

吸湿材料利用太阳能再生的研究

本文报导了利用太阳能对已吸湿的固体干燥剂(硅胶)进行再生的研究结果。试验两种形式的太阳能再生器,对比结果整体式优于分离式。当硅胶层厚度小于10毫米,空气流量大于1.0立方米/分·平方米时,一个晴天即可使硅胶获得再生。     

Reformation of long axon pathways in adult rat central nervous system by human forebrain neuroblasts.

The failure of lesioned axons to regenerate over long distances in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is not due to an inability of central neurons to regenerate, but rather to the non-permissive nature of the CNS tissue environment. Regenerating CNS axons, which grow well within a peripheral nerve, for example, fail to penetrate mature CNS tissue by more than about 1 mm. Recent evidence indicates that this may be due to inhibitory membrane proteins associated with CNS oligodendrocytes and myelin. We report here that human telencephalic neuroblasts implanted into the excitotoxically lesioned striatum of adult rats can escape or neutralize this inhibitory influence of the adult CNS environment and extend axons along major myelinated fibre tracts for distances of up to approximately 20 mm. The axons were seen to elongate along the paths of the striato-nigral and cortico-spinal tracts to reach the substantia nigra, the pontine nuclei and the cervical spinal cord, which are the normal targets for the striatal and cortical projection neurons likely to be present in these implants.     

Chemotropic guidance of developing axons in the mammalian central nervous system

In the developing nervous system, axons project considerable distances along stereotyped pathways to reach their targets. Axon guidance depends partly on the recognition of cell-surface and extracellular matrix cues derived from cells along the pathways. It has also been proposed that neuronal growth cones are guided by gradients of chemoattractant molecules emanating from their intermediate or final cellular targets. Although there is evidence that the axons of some peripheral neurons in vertebrates are guided by chemotropism and the directed growth of some central axons to their targets is consistent with such a mechanism, it remains to be determined whether chemotropism operates in the central nervous system. During development of the spinal cord, commissural axons are deflected towards a specialized set of midline neural epithelial cells, termed the floor plate, which could reflect guidance by substrate cues or by diffusible chemoattractant molecules. Here we provide evidence in support of chemotropic guidance by demonstrating that the rat floor-plate cells secrete a diffusible factor(s) that influences the pattern and orientation of commissural axon growth in vitro without affecting other embryonic spinal cord axons. These findings support the hypothesis that chemotropic mechanisms guide developing axons to their intermediate targets in the vertebrate CNS.     

Axonal regeneration in the rat spinal cord produced by an antibody against myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitors

After lesions in the differentiated central nervous system (CNS) of higher vertebrates, interrupted fibre tracts do not regrow and elongate by more than an initial sprout of approximately 1 mm. Transplantations of pieces of peripheral nerves into various parts of the CNS demonstrate the widespread capability of CNS neurons to regenerate lesioned axons over long distances in a peripheral nerve environment. CNS white matter, cultured oligodendrocytes (the myelin-producing cells of the CNS), and CNS myelin itself, are strong inhibitors of neuron growth in culture, a property associated with defined myelin membrane proteins of relative molecular mass (Mr) 35,000 (NI-35) and 250,000 (NI-250). We have now intracerebrally applied the monoclonal antibody IN-1, which neutralizes the inhibitory effect of both these proteins, to young rats by implanting antibody-producing tumours. In 2-6-week-old rats we made complete transections of the cortico-spinal tract, a major fibre tract of the spinal cord, the axons of which originate in the motor and sensory neocortex. Previous studies have shown a complete absence of cortico-spinal tract regeneration after the first postnatal week in rats, and in adult hamsters and cats. In IN-1-treated rats, massive sprouting occurred at the lesion site, and fine axons and fascicles could be observed up to 7-11 mm caudal to the lesion within 2-3 weeks. In control rats, a similar sprouting reaction occurred, but the maximal distance of elongation rarely exceeded 1 mm. These results demonstrate the capacity for CNS axons to regenerate and elongate within differentiated CNS tissue after the neutralization of myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitors.     

Regeneration by supernumerary axons with synaptic terminals in spinal motoneurons of cats

Axons in the central nervous system (CNS) of mammals do not normally regrow if they are cut, which severely limits restoration of function after injury. We have studied the reactions of adult cat spinal alpha-motoneurons after chronic transection of their axons in the periphery by labelling single cells with horseradish peroxidase. Twelve weeks after the operation, about a third of the axotomized cells had developed a 'supernumerary' axon originating from the cell-body region. These supernumerary axons had variable trajectories and termination fields in the ipsilateral spinal cord but generally anomalous projections. Ultrastructural examination shows that they give rise to boutons that form morphologically normal synaptic contacts with neuronal profiles, although they contain dense-cored vesicles not normally seen in central terminals of alpha-motor axons. We conclude that axotomized neurons in the mammalian CNS may be able to form new synaptic contacts by means of supernumerary axons in the absence of local damage.     

Oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein is a Nogo receptor ligand that inhibits neurite outgrowth

The inhibitory activity associated with myelin is a major obstacle for successful axon regeneration in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS). In addition to myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and Nogo-A, available evidence suggests the existence of additional inhibitors in CNS myelin. We show here that a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored CNS myelin protein, oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMgp), is a potent inhibitor of neurite outgrowth in cultured neurons. Like Nogo-A, OMgp contributes significantly to the inhibitory activity associated with CNS myelin. To further elucidate the mechanisms that mediate this inhibitory activity of OMgp, we screened an expression library and identified the Nogo receptor (NgR) as a high-affinity OMgp-binding protein. Cleavage of NgR and other GPI-linked proteins from the cell surface renders axons of dorsal root ganglia insensitive to OMgp. Introduction of exogenous NgR confers OMgp responsiveness to otherwise insensitive neurons. Thus, OMgp is an important inhibitor of neurite outgrowth that acts through NgR and its associated receptor complex. Interfering with the OMgp/NgR pathway may allow lesioned axons to regenerate after injury in vivo.     

A single gene error of noradrenergic axon growth synchronizes central neurones

One strategy for deciphering inherited neurological disease is to examine the expression of individual genes controlling the assembly and physiology of specific cell groups within the developing mammalian central nervous system (CNS). This neurogenetic approach, using defined single-locus mutations arising on coisogeneic mouse strains, has recently been used to analyse a major class of neuronal membrane diseases involving abnormal excitability, the epilepsies, and to identify examples of hereditary variation in signalling properties at central synapses. An interesting mutation, the Tottering (tg) gene, causes a delayed onset, recessive neurological disorder in the mouse featuring a stereotyped triad of ataxia, intermittent myoclonus and cortical spike-wave discharges accompanied by behavioural absence seizures which resemble petit mal epilepsy. Axon branches of the locus coeruleus, a noradrenergic brain-stem nucleus, hyperinnervate specific target regions of the tg brain. The number of parent coerulean perikarya is unaffected, indicating a true proliferation of the terminal axonal arbor. With the exception of this unusually precise error of axonal growth, no other cytopathology has been identified in the tg brain. Here I present evidence that selective lesions of the central noradrenergic axons early in development limit the expression of the disease.     

一类基于概率神经网络的语音识别模型

介绍了采用人工神经网络,特别是概率神经网络(PNN)技术进行语音识别的原理．提出了一类基于概率神经网络的解决元音识别问题的模型,并且通过一个试验,研究了用于语音识别的PNN模型中的参数设置．试验表明,该模型对于元音的识别具有较好的识别率．     

微波辐射对中枢神经系统功能及其调控的影响

从神经行为、电生理、血脑屏障通透性、生物学机制以及量效关系等方面阐述了近年来微波辐射对中枢神经系统功能及调控的影响。研究表明,微波热效应可引起中枢神经系统功能及生物学机制的变化,如DNA、即早基因、热休克蛋白、神经递质及信号转导等的改变,但对微波非热效应引起的效应仍存在争议,有待进一步探讨。     

Chondroitinase ABC promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury

The inability of axons to regenerate after a spinal cord injury in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) can lead to permanent paralysis. At sites of CNS injury, a glial scar develops, containing extracellular matrix molecules including chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs). CSPGs are inhibitory to axon growth in vitro, and regenerating axons stop at CSPG-rich regions in vivo. Removing CSPG glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains attenuates CSPG inhibitory activity. To test the functional effects of degrading chondroitin sulphate (CS)-GAG after spinal cord injury, we delivered chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) to the lesioned dorsal columns of adult rats. We show that intrathecal treatment with ChABC degraded CS-GAG at the injury site, upregulated a regeneration-associated protein in injured neurons, and promoted regeneration of both ascending sensory projections and descending corticospinal tract axons. ChABC treatment also restored post-synaptic activity below the lesion after electrical stimulation of corticospinal neurons, and promoted functional recovery of locomotor and proprioceptive behaviours. Our results demonstrate that CSPGs are important inhibitory molecules in vivo and suggest that their manipulation will be useful for treatment of human spinal injuries.     

一种新的前馈神经网络删剪算法

前馈神经网络中隐层神经元的个数与它的学习和泛化能力密切相关.通过广义逆矩阵算法解决最小二乘问题改进神经网络自构行学习算法,得到一种新的前馈神经网络删剪算法.将新算法用于已经训练好的大型网络,能删剪“冗余”的隐层神经元,得到一个最精简的神经网络.此精简的神经网络不需要重新训练仍能保持原有的性能,并且泛化能力很好.仿真实例说明此算法的有效性和可行性.