精氨酸加压素免疫阳性神经元在中菊头蝠(Rhinolophus affinis)脑中的分布

精氨酸加压素(arginine vasopressin,AVP)属于垂体后叶激素家族,它与神经内分泌的调节、心血管功能的调节、血压调节、学习和记忆以及生殖等生理功能密切相关.AVP在不同哺乳动物中枢神经系统内的分布方式和传输路径存在明显差异.本实验采用免疫组织化学ABC法系统观察了AVP免疫阳性神经元和免疫阳性神经纤维在中菊头蝠(Rhinolophus affinis)脑中的形态特征和分布特点.结果显示AVP免疫阳性神经元和免疫阳性神经纤维明显可见于中菊头蝠下丘脑室旁核、视上核、视交叉上核、下丘脑外侧区、正中隆起和垂体后叶,其细胞形态与其它哺乳动物相应结构的细胞特征类似,提示AVP神经元在哺乳动物下丘脑中的分布具有高度的保守性,AVP在中菊头蝠下丘脑可能有着与其它哺乳动物类似的功能.室周视前区、终纹床核和前脑外侧束也有少量AVP免疫阳性(immunoreactive arginine-vasopressin,AVP-ir)神经元分布,而在海马、隔核、杏仁核和侧间隔等边缘核团没有发现与大鼠等哺乳动物相应结构类似的分布,这可能与蝙蝠的视觉退化有关.     

NSE和ERα在老年人和AD病人大脑海马神经元中共表达

服用雌激素可以防止或延缓绝经后妇女患Alzhei mer病.神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)为神经元特异性标记物.运用荧光免疫技术,观察了NSE和雌激素受体α(ERα)在老年人和AD病人大脑海马神经元中共存的分布.结果显示,在对照组和AD组NSE免疫阳性神经元均主要分布海马DG区的门区和CA4区.一些AD病人海马CA1、CA2和/或CA3没有观察到NSE免疫阳性反应.NSE免疫着色主要位于胞质和突起,部分区域也弥散于胞间质.ERα免疫反应广泛分布在老年人和AD病人海马神经元,且主要位于胞质,少量位于胞核.NSE和ERα免疫双标记主要分布在对照组海马门区和CA4区,而在AD组较少;且多着色于胞质.在老年组,多数NSE阳性神经元与ERα共着色,但仅有部分ERα阳性神经元NSE也着色.结果提示,雌激素可能通过其受体介导对神经元起保护作用的靶细胞仅为NSE和ERα双着色的那部分神经细胞.     

小菊头蝠和单角菊头蝠分类地位的探讨

小菊头蝠、单角菊头蝠和角菊头蝠在形态上甚相似,关于小菊头蝠和单角菊头蝠的分类地位问题存有不同观点.通过分析细胞色素b基因全序列探讨了小菊头蝠和单角菊头蝠的分类地位.应用MEGGA 2软件计算出小菊头蝠与单角菊头蝠之间的未修正序列分歧仅为1.2%～1.4%,二者与角菊头蝠之间的未修正序列分歧分别为2.5%～3.0%和2.1%～2.5%,未达到种间分歧值,因此认为小菊头蝠、单角菊头蝠和角菊头蝠应为同一种,并支持Ellerman(1951)和Koopman(1993)的观点:小菊头蝠和单角菊头蝠是角菊头蝠的两个亚种.同时计算出小菊头蝠和单角菊头蝠最早从角菊头蝠中分化出来的时间大约在136.7万年前.     

5种共栖蝙蝠的形态和回声定位声波特征

通过分析5种共栖蝙蝠的形态和回声定位声波特征,研究了它们空间生态位分化问题.结果发现:大蹄蝠(Hipposideros armiger)是共栖蝙蝠中体型最大的物种,适合在开阔的树冠或空地上方快速飞行;中菊头蝠(Rhinolophus affinis)、皮氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophus pearsoni)和大耳菊头蝠(Rhinolophus macrotis)体型中等,中菊头蝠和皮氏菊头蝠适合在树冠下捕食,大耳菊头蝠适合在较复杂的树林中、枝叶间捕食;大卫鼠耳蝠(Myotis davidii)是我国特有种,也是5种共栖蝙蝠中体型最小的种类,适合在复杂树冠间、枝叶间和灌丛中捕食较小的昆虫.所以,同域共栖5种蝙蝠的空间生态位显著分化.     

基于Cyt b基因全序列分析河南7种菊头蝠系统发育关系

采用分子系统发育分析方法对菊头蝠科蝙蝠的系统发育关系和分类地位进行研究,以7种127个蝙蝠为研究对象,测定了mtDNA Cytb基因全序列(1140kb),用最大简约法(maximum parsimony,MP)和最大似然法(maximum likelihood,ML)建系统发育树,对菊头蝠种间亲缘关系及分类地位进行分析,角菊头蝠、菲菊头蝠和大耳菊头蝠属于较原始的种类,且彼此间有较近的亲缘关系;大菊头蝠、皮氏菊头蝠关系较近,为较原始的类群;马铁和中菊头蝠关系较近,为后分化的类群.     

菊头蝠科蝙蝠鼻叶宽与回声定位声波主频率的相关分析

利用SPSS分析8种菊头蝠科蝙蝠:贵州菊头蝠(Rhinolophus rex)、中菊头蝠(Rhinolophus affinis)、托氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophus thomasi)、鲁氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophus rouxi)、小菊头蝠(Rhinolophus blythi)、马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)、皮氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophus pearsoni)、角菊头蝠(Rhinolophus cornutus)的回声定位声波主频率(DF)与鼻叶宽(NW)的相关性,分析结果显示:在控制前臂长影响的情况下,菊头蝠回声定位声波主频率与鼻叶宽呈显著负相关(r=-0.8539,P=0.014),而在控制鼻叶宽影响的情况下,主频率与前臂长之间的相关性不显著(r=0.3849,P=0.394),由此可见,尽管声波主频率和鼻叶宽及前臂长均相关(r1=-0.918,P=0.001,df=6;r2=-0.711,P=0.048,df=6),但如果仅仅研究一个变量和主频率的关系时,鼻叶宽的意义更大.本文的最后,分析并探讨了上述负相关关系产生的机理.     

翼手目6种蝙蝠毛发显微结构研究

对翼手目大蹄蝠、中蹄蝠、中菊头蝠、普氏蹄蝠、普通伏翼和皱唇犬吻蝠腹部毛发进行显微结构观察与分析.结果表明:(1)6种蝙蝠腹部毛发的长度和宽度有不同,大蹄蝠和普通伏翼存在显著性差异;(2)6种蝙蝠腹部毛发鳞片形态和分布存在显著性差异,而且其鳞片大小也有显著差异.这些差异有利于分辨和识别该6种蝙蝠.     

菊头蝠科蝙蝠鼻叶宽与回声定位声波主频率的相关分析

利用SPSS分析8种菊头蝠科蝙蝠:贵州菊头蝠(Rhinolophusrex)、中菊头蝠(Rhinolophusaffinis)、托氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophusthomasi)、鲁氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophusrouxi)、小菊头蝠(Rhinolophusblythi)、马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophusferrumequinum)、皮氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophuspearsoni)、角菊头蝠(Rhinolophuscornutus)的回声定位声波主频率(DF)与鼻叶宽(NW)的相关性,分析结果显示:在控制前臂长影响的情况下,菊头蝠回声定位声波主频率与鼻叶宽呈显著负相关(r=-0.8539,P=0.014),而在控制鼻叶宽影响的情况下,主频率与前臂长之间的相关性不显著(r=0.3849,P=0.394),由此可见,尽管声波主频率和鼻叶宽及前臂长均相关(r1=-0.918,P=0.001,df=6;r2=-0.711,P=0.048,df=6),但如果仅仅研究一个变量和主频率的关系时,鼻叶宽的意义更大。本文的最后,分析并探讨了上述负相关关系产生的机理。     

2种菊头蝠8种不同组织或器官3种同工酶研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺不连续凝胶垂直板活性电泳,分析了2种菊头蝠的心脏、肝脏、肾脏、胸肌、肺、胃、小肠、舌8种组织的酯酶(EST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)3种同工酶的活性和分布.结果表明:2种菊头蝠8种组织的3种同工酶存在差异,其分布具有明显的组织特异性,与器官或组织所执行的功能有关.     

中菊头蝠和折翼蝠组织乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的研究

以聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,测定了中菊头蝠（Ｒｈｉｎｏｌｏｐｈｕｓａｆｆｉｎｉｓ）和折翼蝠（Ｍｉｎｉｏｐｔｅｒｕｓｓｃｈｒｅｉｂｅｒｓｉ）的心脏、肝、胃、肾脏、骨骼肌和脑等６种组织乳酸脱氢酶（ｌａｃｔａｔｅｄｅｈｙｄｒｏｇｅｎａｓｅ,ＬＤＨ）同工酶．结果显示：①ＬＤＨ同工酶在不同动物的不同组织中表达各异;②出现了骨骼肌中Ｂ亚基含量显著高于Ａ亚基的异常现象,可能与翼手类飞行时需大量能量来源的生理特性有关     

Oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein is a Nogo receptor ligand that inhibits neurite outgrowth

The inhibitory activity associated with myelin is a major obstacle for successful axon regeneration in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS). In addition to myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and Nogo-A, available evidence suggests the existence of additional inhibitors in CNS myelin. We show here that a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored CNS myelin protein, oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMgp), is a potent inhibitor of neurite outgrowth in cultured neurons. Like Nogo-A, OMgp contributes significantly to the inhibitory activity associated with CNS myelin. To further elucidate the mechanisms that mediate this inhibitory activity of OMgp, we screened an expression library and identified the Nogo receptor (NgR) as a high-affinity OMgp-binding protein. Cleavage of NgR and other GPI-linked proteins from the cell surface renders axons of dorsal root ganglia insensitive to OMgp. Introduction of exogenous NgR confers OMgp responsiveness to otherwise insensitive neurons. Thus, OMgp is an important inhibitor of neurite outgrowth that acts through NgR and its associated receptor complex. Interfering with the OMgp/NgR pathway may allow lesioned axons to regenerate after injury in vivo.     

Nogo-66 receptor antagonist peptide promotes axonal regeneration

Myelin-derived axon outgrowth inhibitors, such as Nogo, may account for the lack of axonal regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) after trauma in adult mammals. A 66-residue domain of Nogo (Nogo-66) is expressed on the surface of oligodendrocytes and can inhibit axonal outgrowth through an axonal Nogo-66 receptor (NgR). The IN-1 monoclonal antibody recognizes Nogo-A and promotes corticospinal tract regeneration and locomotor recovery; however, the undefined nature of the IN-1 epitope in Nogo, the limited specificity of IN-1 for Nogo, and nonspecific anti-myelin effects have prevented a firm conclusion about the role of Nogo-66 or NgR. Here, we identify competitive antagonists of NgR derived from amino-terminal peptide fragments of Nogo-66. The Nogo-66(1 40) antagonist peptide (NEP1 40) blocks Nogo-66 or CNS myelin inhibition of axonal outgrowth in vitro, demonstrating that NgR mediates a significant portion of axonal outgrowth inhibition by myelin. Intrathecal administration of NEP1 40 to rats with mid-thoracic spinal cord hemisection results in significant axon growth of the corticospinal tract, and improves functional recovery. Thus, Nogo-66 and NgR have central roles in limiting axonal regeneration after CNS injury, and NEP1-40 provides a potential therapeutic agent.     

P75 interacts with the Nogo receptor as a co-receptor for Nogo,MAG and OMgp

In inhibiting neurite outgrowth, several myelin components, including the extracellular domain of Nogo-A (Nogo-66), oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMgp) and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), exert their effects through the same Nogo receptor (NgR). The glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored nature of NgR indicates the requirement for additional transmembrane protein(s) to transduce the inhibitory signals into the interior of responding neurons. Here, we demonstrate that p75, a transmembrane protein known to be a receptor for the neurotrophin family of growth factors, specifically interacts with NgR. p75 is required for NgR-mediated signalling, as neurons from p75 knockout mice are no longer responsive to myelin and to each of the known NgR ligands. Blocking the p75-NgR interaction also reduces the activities of these inhibitors. Moreover, a truncated p75 protein lacking the intracellular domain, when overexpressed in primary neurons, attenuates the same set of inhibitory activities, suggesting that p75 is a signal transducer of the NgR-p75 receptor complex. Thus, interfering with p75 and its downstream signalling pathways may allow lesioned axons to overcome most of the inhibitory activities associated with central nervous system myelin.     

大鼠脑损伤后海马GAP-43 mRNA水平的变化

以DIG（Digoxigenin）标记的GAP-43 cDNA片段为探针,使用原位杂交方法,检测了大鼠皮层硬性脑挫伤后GAP-43 mRNA水平的变化。结果表明：海马CA3、CA1和DG区的GAP-43 mRNA水平在损伤后48h明显升高,其中CA3区变化最甚,而且伤侧比对侧显著。1周和2周后表达仍维持较高水平,但不如48h的高,这显示表达的峰值在1周之内。上述结果为研究脑损伤后生理及机能代偿的修复机制提供了有意义的信息。     

IL-6对大鼠脑缺血-再灌注后海马IL-1R的影响

目的:探讨脑缺血-再灌注损伤(brainischemiareperfusioninjury)过程中白细胞介素-6 Interleukin-6, (IL-6)对CNS中神经元保护作用的机制及其与炎前细胞因子白细胞介素-1 Interleukin-1,IL-1)之间的关系,为 (研究脑缺血-再灌注损伤的机制提供实验和相关方面的理论基础.方法:采用四动脉暂时性阻断的方法将26只Wistar大鼠制成全脑缺血-再灌注的实验动物模型,并将大鼠分成两组:即单纯的脑缺血-再灌注对照组(n= 9)以及实验组(n = 17),两组大鼠手术前2h分别经侧脑室注入10 L生理盐水和等量的IL-6,然后采用免疫组织化学方法观察缺血-再灌注过程中大鼠海马神经元白细胞介素-1受体(Interleukin-1 receptor,IL-1R)免疫反应性的变化并进行相关的统计学分析.结果:大鼠全脑缺血-再灌注4h后海马CA1、 区IL-1R免疫反应CA3性显著增加,表现为:IL-1R免疫反应阳性细胞数显著增加、着色明显加深.结论:IL-6作为一种神经保护因子在大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤的病理过程中,可能通过抑制CNS中神经元的炎症因子IL-1R的表达来实现其对CNS的营养和保护作用.     

促红细胞生成素对新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨外源性促红细胞生成素(EPO)对新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤后脑功能的改善作用.方法:将45只7日龄SD大鼠随机分成假手术对照组、EPO治疗组、缺氧缺血组(各组n=15),假手术组仅分离颈总动脉,不予缺氧缺血,EPO治疗组在造缺氧缺血性脑损伤(HIBD)模型后立即按质量分数5 000 IU/kg腹腔注射EPO 1...     

Comparison of population coherence of place cells in hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA3

The hippocampus, a critical brain structure for navigation, context-dependent learning and episodic memory, is composed of anatomically heterogeneous subregions. These regions differ in their anatomical inputs as well as in their internal circuitry. A major feature of the CA3 region is its recurrent collateral circuitry, by which the CA3 pyramidal cells make excitatory synaptic contacts on each other. In contrast, pyramidal cells in the CA1 region are not extensively interconnected. Although these differences have inspired numerous theoretical models of differential processing capacities of these two regions, there have been few reports of robust differences in the firing properties of CA1 and CA3 neurons in behaving animals. The most extensively studied of these properties is the spatially selective firing of hippocampal 'place cells'. Here we report that in a dynamically changing environment, in which familiar landmarks on the behavioural track and along the wall are rotated relative to each other, the population representation of the environment is more coherent between the original and cue-altered environments in CA3 than in CA1. These results demonstrate a functional heterogeneity between the place cells of CA3 and CA1 at the level of neural population representations.     

基于复杂网络构建与分析技术的语音响度差异神经处理机制研究

相关分析能够找出研究现象之间的依存关系、相关方向以及相关程度,可以发现大数据集里隐藏的关联网络.本文面向语音响度变化认知问题,提出“差异度”的概念,利用相关分析构建大脑功能的复杂网络,探索深层的神经处理机制与脑认知新规律.提出一种短时窗分析方法,构建不同认知阶段的脑网络;基于不同刺激下节点度的拓扑特征,构建基于差异度的脑地形图,实现脑区之间数据关系的可视化表达和动态演化过程表达.结果发现,前额叶、右额颞区和右后颞区分别在听觉处理的早期、中期和晚期对声音响度变化具有显著响应.研究表明脑复杂网络构建与分析技术可以成为研究神经处理机制与认知规律的有效工具.     

神经元兴奋性群体峰电位信号的Renyi信息表达

应用时频分布级数分析方法，提取了单次诱发群体峰电位(PS)信号的Renyi信息，并用以表征神经元的兴奋性变化．采用液压打击大鼠脑损伤模型和细胞外记录技术，记录了离体海马脑片CA1区锥体神经元PS，发现损伤侧和非损伤侧PS的Renyi信息参数值差异显著，进而分析了神经元灌流大黄酸后损伤侧PS的Renyi信息参数值的变化，研究大黄酸对神经元的超兴奋性和突触传递的作用．研究结果表明，颅脑损伤可造成海马CA1区锥体神经元的迟发性过度兴奋，大黄酸对神经元的过度兴奋有抑制作用，Renyi信息可作为反映神经元兴奋性变化的一个特征参数．     

灯盏花注射液抗新生鼠缺氧缺血脑损伤的药效作用

为观察灯盏花注射液治疗新生鼠缺氧缺血脑损伤的药物疗效及其药理作用机制,采用新生7日龄大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤模型,设立假手术组、缺氧缺血脑损伤模型组、灯盏花注射液治疗10,20,40 mg/kg剂量组、无菌注射用水对照组.采用硫堇染色、免疫组织化学染色的方法测定各实验组海马CA1区神经元密度、组织学分级、凋亡相关基因bcl-2和bax的表达情况,并计数各时间点Bcl-2和Bax蛋白免疫阳性细胞数目及积分光密度值.假手术组,大鼠海马CA1区无锥体细胞缺失,未见明显阳性细胞.与假手术组比较,缺氧缺血脑损伤模型组、无菌注射用水对照组Bcl-2,Bax蛋白表达均于3 d时达到高峰(与其余各时间点比较差别有显著意义p0.05),神经元密度明显降低,组织学分级显著增高,积分光密度值增加.灯盏花治疗组,与无菌注射用水对照组比较,Bcl-2阳性表达进一步增加,积分光密度值增加;而Bax阳性表达则减少,积分光密度值降低;神经元密度显著高于对照组,组织学分级明显降低.灯盏花注射液可能是通过上调Bcl-2表达,抑制Bax表达,减轻缺氧缺血引起的神经元凋亡及迟发性神经元死亡.