Optical Properties of Ru（bipy）2 （dppx）^2＋ in Different Environments

The emission spectra of Ru（bipy）2 （dppx）^2＋ in different environments has been studied. It was found that the solvent polarity and the ability of donating and transferring proton are the important factors in predicting luminescence intensity in different systems. The increasing content of water in the organic solutions of Ru（bipy）2 （dppx）^2＋ leads to de crease in emission intensity that follows the Perrin sphere of quenching model. The effect of base content of DNA on the fluorescence spectra of Ru （bipy）2 （dppx）^2＋ has also been studied.     

Ubi1 intron-mediated enhancement of the expression of Bt cry1Ah gene in transgenic maize （Zea mays L.）

The cry1Ah gene was one of novel insecticidal genes cloned from Bacillus thuringiensis isolate BT8. Two plant expression vectors containing cry1Ah gene were constructed. The first intron of maize ubiqutinl gene was inserted between the maize Ubiquitin promoter and cry1Ah gene in one of the plant expressing vectors （pUUOAH）. The two vectors were introduced into maize immature embryonic calli by microprojectile bombardment, and the reproductively plants were acquired. PCR and Southern blot analysis showed that foreign genes had been integrated into maize genome and inherited to the next generation stably. The ELISA assay to T1 and T2 generation plants showed that the expression of CrylAh protein in the construct containing the ubil intron （pUUOAH） was 20% higher than that of the intronless construct （pUOAH）. Bioassay results showed that the transgenic maize harboring cry1Ah gene had high resistance to the Asian corn borers and the insecticidal activity of the transgenic maize containing the ubil intron was higher than that of the intronless construct. These results indicated that the maize ubil intron can enhance the expression of the Bt cry1Ah gene in transgenic maize efficiently     

The synthesis and properties study of 6,13-diphenylpentacene

6,13-diphenylpentacene（DPP） was synthesized by 6,13-pentacenequinone and the Grignard reagent with the SnCl2/HCl as the reducing agent. It was detected by ^1H NMR, infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, UV-visible spectra and fluorescence spectra. Substitution with phenyl at the C-6 and C-13 positions of pentacene leads to phenomenal enhancement in solubility and a little enhancement in photooxidative stability. XRD results showed that the pattern of 6,13-diphenylpentacene was different from the patterns of pentacene and 6,13-pentacenequinone. UV-Visible spectra showed that the λmax of DPP in HCCl3 was 600 nm. The fluorescence spectra showed that DPP emitted purple （430 nm） and red （612 nm） when excited by UV, while only emitted red when excited by visible light. But it is still susceptible to photooxidation. The photooxidation product of DPP was also studied.     

Rational groundwater table indicated by the ecophysiological parameters of the vegetation： A case study of ecological restoration in the lower reaches of the Tarim River

The eco-physiological response and adaptation of Populus euphratica Oliv and Tamarix ramosissima Ldb during water release period were investigated. Nine typical ＇areas and forty-five transects were selected along the lower reaches of Tarim River. The groundwater table as well as plant performance and the contents of proline, soluble sugars, and plant endogenous hormone （ABA, CTK） in leaves were monitored and analyzed. The groundwater table was raised in different areas and transects by water release program. The physiological stress to P. euphratica and T. ramosissima had been reduced after water release. Our results suggested that the groundwater table in the studied region remained at -3.15 to -4.12 m, theproline content from 9.28 to 11.06 （mmol/L）, the soluble sugar content from 224.71 to 252.16 （mmol/L）, the ABA content from 3.59 to 5.01 （ng/g FW）, and the CK content from 4.01 to 4.56 （ng/g FW）, for the optimum growth and restoration of P. euphratica indicated by the plant performance parameters and the efficiency of water application was the highest. The groundwater table in the studied region remained at -2.16 to -3.38 m, the proline content from 12.15 to 14.17 （mmol/L）, the soluble sugar content from 154.71 to 183.16 （mmol/ L）, the ABA content from 2.78 to 4.86 （ng/g FW）, and the CK content from 3.78 to 4.22 （ng/g FW）, for the optimum growth and restoration of T. ramosissima indicated by the plant performance parameters and the efficiency of water application was the highest. The rational groundwater table for the restoration of vegetation in the studied region was at -3.15 to -3.38 m.     

In situ hyperspectral data analysis for pigment content estimation of rice leaves

Analyses of the correlation between hyperspectral reflectance and pigment content including chlorephyll-a, chlorephyll-b and carotenoid of leaves in different sites of rice were reported in this paper. The hyperspectral reflectance of late rice during the whole growing season was measured using a Spectroradiometer with spectral range of 350 - 1050 nm and resolution of 3 nm. The chlorophyll-a, chlorephyll-b and carotenoid contents in rice leaves in rice fields to which different levels of nitrogen were applied were measured. The chlorephyll-a content of upper leaves was well correlated with the spectral variables. However, the correlation between both chlorephyll-b and careteniod and the spectral variables was far from that of chlorophyll-a. The potential of hyperspectral reflectance measurement for estimating chlorophyll-a of upper leaves was evaluated using univariate correlation and multivariate regression analysis methods with different types of predictors. This study showed that the most suitable estimated model of chlorephyll-a of upper leaves was obtained by using some hyperspectral variables such as SDr , SDb and their integration.     

Solubility Behaviour of Cellulose in a Sodium Hydrate/Urea/Thiourea Aqueous Solvent

Cellulose pulps were directly dissolved in a green solvent of sodium hydrate/urea/thiourea/water with different composition for the purpose to prepare new regenerated cellulose fibers or films. The results showed that the highest solubility of cellulose in the solvent with the composition of 8/8/6.5/77.5. The results revealed that the pulp feeding sequence, stirring rate, pre-treatment of pulp and pulp size affected the cellulose concentration in the green solvent. Accordingly, the more effective dissolution method was proposed in order to get higher concentration of cellulose. Furthermore, the properties of solution prepared by different kinds of pulps in the solvent were investigated by ARES rheometer. Rheologieal analyses indicated that all cellulose aqueous solutions in their high concentration were pseudoplastic fluids and sensitive to temperature and tended to transform to gel when temperature increased.     

Influence of Ag content on the microstructure,mechanical, and tribological properties of TaVN–Ag films

A series of TaVN–Ag nanocomposite films were deposited using a radio-frequency magnetron sputtering system. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and tribological performance of the films were investigated. The results showed that TaVN–Ag films were composed of face-centered cubic(fcc) TaVN and fcc-Ag. With increasing Ag content, the hardness of TaVN–Ag composite films first increased and then decreased rapidly. The maximum hardness value was 31.4 GPa. At room temperature, the coefficient of friction(COF) of TaVN–Ag films decreased from 0.76 to 0.60 with increasing Ag content from 0 to 7.93 at%. For the TaVN–Ag films with 7.93 at% Ag, COF first increased and then decreased rapidly from 0.60 at 25℃ to 0.35 at 600℃, whereas the wear rate of the film increased continuously from 3.91 × 10-7 to 19.1 × 10-7 mm~3/(N·mm). The COF of the TaVN–Ag film with 7.93 at% Ag was lower than that of the TaVN film, and their wear rates showed opposite trends with increasing temperature.     

In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Protein Drug Release Properties of Chitosan/Heparin Mlcrospheres

Chitosan/heparin microspheres were prepared using the water-in-oil emulsification solvent evaporation technique. The microsphere diameters were controlled by selecting the fabrication process parameters. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the chitosan/heparin microspheres were regular and the surface morphology was smooth. Fourier transform infrared showed that the chitosan amino groups reacted with heparin carboxylic groups to form acylamides in the microspheres. Analysis of the microsphere cytotoxicity showed that they had no cytotoxic effect and behaved very similar to the negative control （polystyrene）. To analyze the protein drug release profiles of the microspheres, bovine serum albumin was loaded as a model drug into the microspheres and released in vitro. Marked retardation was observed in the BSA release profiles. The results show that chitosan/heparin microspheres may provide a useful controlled release protein drug system for used in pharmaceutics.     

Effect of diboron trioxide on the crushing strength and smelting mechanism of high-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite pellets

The effect of diboron trioxide (B₂O₃) on the crushing strength and smelting mechanism of high-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite pellets was investigated in this work. The main characterization methods were X-ray fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, mercury injection porosimetry, X-ray diffraction, metallographic microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results showed that the crushing strength increased greatly with increasing B₂O₃ content and that the increase in crushing strength was strongly correlated with a decrease in porosity, the formation of liquid phases, and the growth and recrystallization consolidation of hematite crystalline grains. The smelting properties were measured under simulated blast furnace conditions; the results showed that the smelting properties within a certain B₂O₃ content range were improved and optimized except in the softening stage. The valuable element B was easily transformed to the slag, and this phenomenon became increasingly evident with increasing B₂O₃ content. The formation of Ti(C,N) was mostly avoided, and the slag and melted iron were separated well during smelting with the addition of B₂O₃. The size increase of the melted iron was consistent with the gradual optimization of the dripping characteristics with increasing B₂O₃ content.     

Measurement of sugar content in Fuji apples by FT-NIR spectroscopy

To evaluate the potential of FT-NIR spectroscopy and the influence of the distance between the light source/detection probe and the fruit for measuring the sugar content (SC) of Fuji apples, diffuse reflectance spectra were measured in the spectral range from 12500 to 4000 cm^-1 at 0 mm, 2 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm distances. Four calibration models at four distances were established between diffused reflectance spectra and sugar content by partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The correlation coefficients (R) of calibrations ranged from 0.982 to 0.997 with SEC values from 0.138 to 0.453 and the SECV values from 0.74 to 1.58. The best model of original spectra at 0 mm distance yielded high correlation determination of 0.918, a SEC of 0.092, and a SEP of 0.773. The results showed that different light/detection probe-fruit distances influence the apple reflective spectra and SC predictions.     

不同菠菜基因型硝酸盐积累与氮吸收、利用效率的比较

采用不同硝态氮(NO_3~--N)浓度水培试验,比较4个菠菜基因型(菠10号、菠13号、菠18号及菠57号)硝酸盐积累和氮素利用效率的差异.结果表明,0.5和15 mmol·L-1NO_3~--N浓度水平下,菠13号硝酸盐含量均最高,菠10号硝酸盐含量最低,菠18号硝酸盐含量在低硝态氮处理下与菠13号差异不显著,高硝态氮处理下与菠57号差异不显著,介于菠13号与菠10号之间.菠13号15NO_3~--N吸收速率在高、低硝态氮浓度水平下均显著高于其他基因型,而其氮素生理利用效率(Nut E)、氮素利用效率指数(NUR)显著低于菠18和菠57号;菠18和菠57号地上部分干重(SDW)、硝酸还原酶活性、Nut E、NUR显著高于菠13号和菠10号,而15NO_3~--N吸收速率低于菠13号;菠10号地上部分干重、硝酸还原酶活性、Nut E、NUR显著低于菠18和菠57号,15NO_3~--N吸收速率及氮素吸收效率(Nup E)显著低于菠13号.综上,不同菠菜基因型的硝酸盐积累和氮素利用效率存在差异,供试材料中菠57号在高、低硝态氮浓度下均具有较高的Nut E和较低的硝酸盐含量,可用于菠菜高产优质品种选育.     

不同灌水时间下毛竹伐桩根系化学计量及生理特性变化

【目的】 研究不同灌水时间下毛竹伐桩根系化学计量及生理特性的差异,为毛竹伐桩灌溉时间长短的选择提供理论参考。【方法】 以毛竹灌水伐桩为研究对象,设置4个处理:对照灌水0 d(CK)、灌水180 d(T1)、灌水360 d(T2)、灌水720 d(T3),分析比较4个不同灌水时间长度后,毛竹伐桩根系化学计量、相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、根系活力、抗氧化酶活性及可溶性蛋白含量差异。【结果】 随着灌水时间的延长,毛竹伐桩根系碳(C)含量不断增加,而氮(N)和磷(P)的含量则基本均呈先升高后降低,m(C)/m(N)和m(C)/m(P)不断上升,m(N)/m(P)保持相对稳定。毛竹伐桩根系各种氧化酶活性、相对电导率和MDA含量均随着灌水时间的不断增加而升高,而毛竹伐桩根系活力和可溶性蛋白含量都随着灌水时间的增加明显降低。【结论】 综合各项生理指标认为,在360 d内对毛竹伐桩灌水仍能起到较好的灌溉效果。     

两面针中氯化两面针碱对照品的制备

建立从两面针中制备氯化两面针碱对照品的方法,利用硅胶柱层析、重结晶和反相制备高效液相色谱对两面针的乙醇提取物进行分离纯化,以HPLC对氯化两面针碱进行纯度检查和含量测定,并通过UV、IR、MS、1 HNMR等对其进行结构确证。从两面针叶中分离、纯化出氯化两面针碱对照品,质量分数>99.0%。所建的制备方法简单,制备出的氯化两面针碱对照品符合中药化学对照品的相关要求,可作为两面针药材和含两面针成药质量控制,以及中药药效物质基础用的化学对照品。     

Foliar δ^13C and δ^15N values of C3 plants in the Ethiopia Rift Valley and their environmental controls

The foliar C and N stable isotopic compositions （δ^13C and δ^15N） and the relationships between these compositions and environmental factors of C3 plants in the Ethiopia Rift Valley were investigated. There were three distribution patterns for foliar δ^13C with mean values of -26.7‰±0.4‰, -29.7‰ ±0.6‰ , and -26.9‰± 1.2‰ in cold-moist, temperate-moist, and arid-hot environments, respectively. The δ^15N values ranged from -1.4‰ ±1.7‰ to 14.3‰ ± 0.1‰, with higher values under arid-hot conditions and the lowest values in plants growing at higher altitudes under cold-moist conditions. A strong negative relationship between mean annual precipitation and δ^15N explained more than half of the observed variation in the δ^15N values （r2= 0.54, P 〈 0.001）; a modest positive relationship was also found between δ^15N and temperature （r2 = 0.32, P 〈 0.01）. A weakly positive relationship existed between δ^13C and temperature, and changes in δ^13C values with precipitation and altitude followed quadratic curves. This suggests a shift in the effects of water and heat conditions caused by altitude on carbon isotopic discrimination.     

NREL法测定大米草原料组分的含量

采用美国国家可再生能源实验室(NREL)方法定量大米草原料中纤维素、半纤维素及木质素。72%浓硫酸水解1 h、4%稀硫酸水解1 h可将大米草的纤维素、半纤维素降解为可用HPLC定量的单糖,适宜的样品添加量为0.3 g。同时,NREL法测定大米草纤维素、半纤维素及木质素的含量分别为32.92%、27.65%和24.2%。这三个组分的含量是评价大米草预处理、酶解及发酵工艺条件的重要依据。     

Palaeodietary study of Sanxingcun Site, Jintan, Jiangsu

C and N stable isotope ratios of 19 human bones in Sanxingcun Site, Jintan, Jiangsu Province, were measured to explore the lifestyle and social economic structure. Although the bone collagen degraded to different extents, the atomic ratio of C/N was located in the range of 2.9-3.6, indicating that they were preserved very well. Average δ13C value (20.05±0.21‰), average δ 15N value (9.69 ±0.33‰) and poor positive correlation between each other suggested that rice agriculture was dominant with hunt-ing-fishing supplemented in human lifestyle. Poor negative correlation between δ 15N values and C3 percentages of foods implied relative independence of rice agriculture and hunting-fishing. Compared to Hemudu Site and Qingpu Site, rice agriculture was developed further, but hunting-fishing decreased. The mode for people in Sanxingcun Site to get the meat was still in the initial exploitation.     

杉木与木荷混交23 a后土壤碳氮剖面特征

研究23 a生杉木纯林、木荷纯林和杉木木荷混交林的土壤碳、氮、碳氮比(C/N)之间的剖面分布差异.结果表明:杉木纯林、木荷纯林和杉木木荷混交林地的表层土壤(0~10 cm)碳、氮元素含量最高并逐层递减,且杉木木荷混交林碳、氮元素含量明显高于木荷纯林和杉木纯林(P0.05);在向下3个土层中3类林分的碳、氮元素含量差异较小(P0.05),杉木木荷混交林的优势并不明显,低于木荷纯林和杉木纯林.与纯林相比,杉木木荷混交林在表层土壤中对土壤碳、氮含量有显著提高,可能是因为杉木与木荷混交改变了林冠结构,有利于落叶分解.     

Grass litter decomposition rate and water-holding capacity in dry-hot valley of Jinshajiang River

The decomposition rate and the water-holding capacity of 6 kinds of grass litters were studied in the Jinshajing river dry-hot valley. The results showed that the dry weight remains reduced with time but didn’t have the direct correlation with time. The decomposition litters were affected by climate, character of litter, animalcule and soil animal. The climate factors of temperature and humidity were important especially. The water-holding capacity was in sequence of N. wightii (336%), P. notatum Flugge (248%), H. contortus (L.) Beauv (209%), B. pertusa (L.) A. Camus(206%), I. endecaphylla Jacq (174%), D. annulatum (Forsk.) Stapf (168%). After 24 months decomposition the remaining dry weight of the litter was in sequence as the following: 15.12% for N. wightii, 26.38% for I. endecaphylla Jacq, 27.23% for B. pertusa (L.) A. Camus, 30.78% for P. notatum Flugge, 39.72% for H. contortus (L.) Beauv and 39.76% for D. annulatum (Forsk.) Stapf. The decomposition rate and water-holding capacity of N. wightii are at the highest level. It is important for the development, improvement and conservation of the grassland soil. Foundation item: Supported by the National Science and Technology Supporting Program in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan of China (2006BAC01A11)     

含铀凋落物腐解前后微生物群落结构特征及多样性分析

采集含铀凋落物腐解前后土壤样本,通过Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术研究腐解前后土壤微生物的多样性及群落结构,解析含铀凋落物腐解前后土壤微生物群落结构特征及其变化规律,为发掘潜在含铀生物质降解菌种提供理论基础。通过高通量测序,分别获得158 781条细菌和242 198条真菌的有效序列,菌群Alpha分析显示,腐解后细菌的多样性和丰富度增加,真菌的多样性和丰富度减少。通过微生物群落结构解析,发现腐解前后门水平上始终存在的优势菌群,细菌中为绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria);真菌中为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、unclassified_Fungi和被孢囊门(Mortierellomycota)。结果表明,含铀凋落物腐解后,凋落物内的铀被释放到土壤中,改变了土壤微生物群落结构。腐解后土壤中可识别的优势菌群功能主要集中在对纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的降解和铀的浸出。热酸菌属(Acidothermus)和软盘菌属(Mollisia)可能是降解凋落物和浸出铀较好的微生物组合。     

Comparison of the carbon isotope composition of total organic carbon and long-chain <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-alkanes from surface soils in eastern China and their significance

Surface soil samples collected over a high spatial resolution in eastern China were analyzed for carbon isotope composition （δ^13C） of total organic carbon （TOC） and higher plant-derived long-chain n-alkanes, with the latter reported as weighted mean values. The two sets of δ^13C values are significantly correlated and show similar trends in spatial variation. The spatial distribution of δ^13C shows less negative values in the mid-latitudes between 31°N and 40°N and more negative ones at higher and lower latitudes. This is consistent with previously reported carbon isotope data from surface soil phytoliths in the same region and suggests that the mid-latitude area provides relatively favorable growing condi- tions for C4 plants. Furthermore, δ^13C values of both TOC and long-chain n-alkanes from 12 surface soil samples collected from a small grassland in north China displayed similar carbon isotope values and the difference between paired δ^13C of a soil samples remains relatively constant. Our data demonstrate that in eastern China, soil δ^13C composition of both TOC and long-chain n-alkanes is effective indicators of C3/C4 ratios of the prevailing vegetation. This work suggests that -22‰ and -32‰ are good es- timated end members for the weighted mean δ^13C values of long-chain n-alkanes （C27, C29 and C31 n-alkanes） from soils under dominant C4 or C3 vegetation, allowing us to reconstruct paleovegetation trends.