简评卡夫卡作品的艺术虚构与艺术真实

卡夫卡是二十世纪西方现代派中的杰出代表，他以自己惊世骇俗的艺术创作，另辟蹊径，为西方学拓展了艺术表现的空间，创造了一种令人不寒而粟的艺术真实。章主要从以下三方面对卡夫卡的创作进行了探寻：卡夫卡在进行艺术虚构时总是脱离不了浓重的自传色彩，这是其创作的主要特征；卡夫卡采用变形、怪诞、象征等现代派手法，使作品呈现出扑朔迷离、光怪陆离的艺术氛围；卡夫卡的作品貌似荒诞．实则真实地表现了西方现代人的生存状态．透露出浓重的悲观和绝望的色彩。     

为了灵魂的福祉——析卡夫卡的艺术拯救之途

卡夫卡之于20世纪的现代人,其意义不仅在于揭示了世界的荒诞、人的异化、生存的不正常状态,更在于他力图寻求出能整合废墟的力量,使人类的生活趋于正常,他竭尽一生苦苦寻求承载人类抵达幸福的船儿。在作品中,他询问了人类获救的每种可能性:对公正法则的寻求,对人类原罪的审视,那隐约可见而K却终生走不进去的城堡……,而艺术——审美之途,这条一直在历史的河流中为哲人们所重视的路途,同样为敏锐的卡夫卡所关注,以安放人们的灵魂。本文拟就通过对《饥饿艺术家》、《歌手约瑟芬》、《一只狗的研究》的考察,把握卡夫卡的这一拯救之路。 卡夫卡的每部作品都是一个谜,他采用独特的表现手法:夸张、变形、寓言、象征等,构成与现实生活 相统一的“神话世界”,呈现出寓义的多面性。因此,破解卡夫卡作品的真谛在某种意义上正如卡夫卡所言,“目的只有一个,道路却无一条”,自以为理解了卡夫卡,却可能是对他的误解。但是,卡夫卡一生都在冒着被那个可能存在的“形而上”嘲笑的危险,寻求人类灵魂的福祉,我们又何尝不可以冒着被卡夫卡嘲笑的危险获取理解卡夫卡的可能性呢? 首先从文本的最表层开始分析卡夫卡的作品中是否存在艺术拯救的意图。 现代人的生存境遇在卡夫卡的笔下展现为本质逼真的谎言王国。     

余华《西北风呼啸的中午》与卡夫卡 《乡村医生》的比较研究

余华深受卡夫卡的影响，他的小说《西北风呼啸的中午》正是借鉴卡夫卡《乡村医生》的尝试之作，两部作品在形式上都表现出真实与虚构复合的特点，又都在荒诞的文本中隐喻了世界本原意义上的混乱。但两者的不同之处在于余华以解构伦理来阐释这种混乱，表达出对生存的关注，卡夫卡则以反讽圣经故事表达出对西方化的犹太人宗教情感的失望，有着浓厚的神学内涵。但文学的终极意义在于它对美好生存的执着呼唤，所以两位作家在作品中又都表达出焦灼的期待。     

荒诞背后的真实──《变形记》的表层结构与深层结构

卡夫卡是西方现代文学史上具有特殊地位的一位作家。《变形记》是其代表作，也是表现主义文学的杰作。其主要的艺术特征就是用写实的手法描写虚妄的事物，通过怪异的方式表达主观精神，用表面的荒诞揭示深刻的社会现实。在《变形记》里，深层与表层是涵义和象征的关系，具体表现为用隐喻使主观感觉外化，从而加深人们对现代社会中人的“异化”的认识。     

向生存边界的突击——析卡夫卡

卡夫卡的语言冷静、平板，却透出一种判决词似的寒冷；他的结构是“砖瓦历历屋将倾”，却于细节真实与整体不真实之间加深着不安；他的手法有变形、象征等，却与其说是一种手法勿宁说是一种至真体验中的必然。这些构成为人称道的“卡夫卡式”的形式因素，都不足以解释出现“卡夫卡学”、“卡夫卡热”的原因，本文拟就卡夫卡的世界、卡夫卡的生存突击、卡夫卡的意义几方面来略析一下这位孤独的作家。     

理性观照与神性启示－－西方文学精神突围的二维

文学既是对人类生存困境的呈现，也是人类在生存困境中所进行的精神突围。在这种精神活动中，始终灌注着自由的理想。西方文学精神发展的历程表明，西方人文主要以“理性观照”和“神性启示”两种方式达成自由。“理性观照”是以人的实践活动来求得人的解放与自由，这有理性主义与物体主义两种表现形式；而“神性启示”则在关于人生存的追问中，将人放在超验语境中言说人的存在，它呈现为上帝启示信仰和精神超越两种形式。     

“卡夫卡热”缘何经久不衰?──兼谈国内卡夫卡研究

“卡夫卡问题”是西方现代文学许论界的一个难题。围绕着这一问题．西方的评论界已进行了70多年的研究。笔者以为,“卡夫卡热”之所以经久不衰主要是由于卡夫卡作品思想内容的深刻和超越时空性及其“卡夫卡式”表现风格。另一方面,国内的卡夫卡研究虽然才刚刚起步．但为大多数研究者们所普遍采用的社会学的批评方法还是较为能够令人接受的。     

生命的诠释--文学中"桑"的意象浅析

在文学作品里桑是一个时常出现的意象,它常与政治、爱情、思乡等主题甚至与死亡主题联系起来.本文试图对桑的意象作整理、归纳,从桑象征生存与桑隐喻死亡、失去两大方面来说明桑在文学中是生命的象征这一问题,并且阐述其社会意义与原因.文学是社会的反映,从千变万化的桑的生命意象中我们可以发现古人植物崇拜的思想,对桑的崇拜,也就是对生存状态的向往,以及对生命的崇拜,桑的意象就是对生命的最好的诠释.     

无家可归的异乡人——卡夫卡的“归属”问题

卡夫卡，这位20世纪西方文坛的“怪才”，他不属于任何一个具体的文学流派，他属于整个文学；他不属于某一民族，而属于超越了民族的片面性和狭隘性的世界性作家。正是因为他自成一体，所以各种“主义”都从他那里获得了启示，各种流派都从他那里找到了根源，许多当代伟大的作家都将他当作借鉴的榜样。     

失衡的“信仰”──从宗教影响解读卡夫卡及其作品

卡夫卡是二十世纪西方最杰出的作家之一,其丰富庞杂、深奥隐诲的作品,在整个西方文学史上,占有举足轻重的地位。长期以来,从各个不同角度对卡夫卡及其作品予以观照、诠释,一直是评论界的一个热点。本文试图把卡夫卡及其作品的精神内涵,与犹太民族的精神信仰——犹太教相联系,从宗教影响的角度,对卡夫卡及其作品进行深层解读。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.