柴达木盆地风成地貌类型与晚全新世古风况恢复

利用遥感图像的风成地貌形态和高分辨率古季风指标, 恢复柴达木盆地晚全新世以来的古风况, 揭示青藏高原抬升时期东亚季风变迁的历史。结果表明, 柴达木盆地晚全新世以来盛行西北风, 同时有少量西风和北风, 主要由亚洲冬季风控制, 夏季风和西风环流的影响甚微。盆地东部沙丘和雅丹地貌记录了末次盛冰期西风环流的风向, 中西部地区的风成地貌指示晚全新世以来盆地发育西北向的亚洲冬季风。青藏高原的抬升阻挡西风环流进入柴达木盆地, 并加强亚洲冬季风, 造成盆地内古风向的改变, 大气环流模式的转变发生在4000 aBP左右, 此时是柴达木盆地气候从暖湿转向冷干的重要节点。     

东亚夏季风异常的研究

本文运用经验正交函数分析方法,对10～65°N,90°E～175°W范围内近30年逐年7月和8月平均海平面气压场进行了分析研究.结果表明,第一、第三特征向量与东亚季风异常有关,第二特征向量与西风环流异常有关.讨论了东亚季风异常与大气环流的关系,以及季风异常对华北东部地区降水时空分布的影响.     

冬春海温异常对东亚初夏季风环流的影响

用ＯＳＵ的两层大气环流模式进行了热带西太平洋冬春海温异常对东亚初夏（５月）季风环流影响的数值试验．结果表明：①海温的负距平引起西太平洋副热带高压脊南落和西伸，东亚热带季风环流减弱，我国西南和华南地区的降水增加；②海温的正距平引起西太平洋副热带高压明显减弱，西太平洋的赤道西风加强，我国西南和华南地区的降水减少     

大气环流对冬季黑潮延伸体海温异常的响应

利用全球大气环流模式CAM3,研究了冬季北半球大气环流和东亚副热带西风急流对同期黑潮延伸体海温异常增暖响应的敏感性及东亚西风急流的响应机理.结果表明,模式能较好地刻画冬季黑潮延伸体海温异常增暖导致的北半球大气环流异常,特别是中纬地区大气环流异常“+、-”相问的分布特征.中高纬是大气对冬季黑潮延伸体海温异常响应的敏感区,...     

关于新疆最近地球历史时期的古地理問题

本文探討新疆最近地質时期的古地理,特别注意到气候带的移位和巨大气候变化及其总的发展趋势。这些变化主要是从强烈的构从运动和冰川作用来考虑的。至于由其他因素所引起較小周期性的气候变化这里暫不予討論。新疆在白堊纪,老第三纪时期构造作用微弱,隆起的山地逐漸被夷平,西部有暖流进出古地中海,极地沒有冰盖,因此大气环流形势近似今日西欧和北非之間的环流系統。喜馬拉亚运动开始以后,古地中海消失而为新期褶皺山脉所代替,欧亚大陆联成一片,逐漸建立起东亚新的季风环流系統。新疆冬季受到蒙古—西伯利亚高压的影响,許多地方轉向干寒气候方向发展。     

北部湾冬半年环流特征及驱动机制分析

【目的】为了给北部湾的环境保护提供科学依据,研究北部湾冬半年的环流变化特征及其驱动机制。【方法】通过POM模型构建三维斜压后报模型,模拟2006~2007年南海西北部的环流,模拟时考虑了日平均风场、日平均热通量、河流径流和潮汐等强迫场;通过无季风驱动的敏感性实验分析东北季风对北部湾冬半年流场的作用;通过洋浦港外海在2005年12月25日到2006年1月25日的一个月海流观测数据来分析冬季海南岛西北岸的海流特征。【结果】模拟结果与观测数据吻合较好,北部湾冬半年环流呈气旋式,嵌套着南部的气旋式环流,而且秋季与冬季环流存在季节性振荡特征:在秋季,南部的气旋式环流可向北侵入至19°N,比冬季深入得多;在冬季,湾西岸和海南岛西北岸的南向流比秋季要强;这种季节性变化特征可从表层直达深层。另外,海南岛西北岸流在冬季为西南向而非东北向。【结论】冬半年北部湾的北部环流为局地风驱动,南部环流是由东北季风驱动的南海陆架流侵入北部湾而形成的;这种季节性涛动受东北季风的高频振荡分量驱动,尤其风场的南北向分量贡献较大,也说明风场的时间分辨率对北部湾环流影响较大;海南岛西北岸的西南向流受琼州海峡的西向流驱动,而东北季风只起辅助作用。     

中国东部城市下垫面变化对南海夏季风爆发影响的数值模拟

本文利用美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)开发的公用大气环境模式(CAM5.1)进行了中国东部大规模城市下垫面变化对南海夏季风爆发影响的数值模拟研究.结果表明:CAM5.1模式能够很好地模拟出东亚夏季风系统季节演变过程中大尺度环流场和降水分布的变化.敏感性试验结果表明中国东部大规模城市群的发展会使得南海夏季风提前1侯爆发;控制试验中5月中旬南海地区东南风向西南风的转变,以及降水量激增现象的出现,均较无城市试验中提前.同时,城市化快速发展阶段与南海夏季风爆发的年代际变化存在时间段的吻合,初步推断城市下垫面发展可能是1993年之后南海季风提前爆发的原因之一.对南海季风爆发影响的原因分析可以看出,城市化引起的下垫面物理属性变化,使得从春至夏的季节转变中,东部(110°-120°E)中高纬度陆地对大气的感热加热增强,减小了海陆之间的热力对比,加快陆地低层大气降压,从而引导南海季风提前爆发.     

陕北地区土地沙化、水土流失的主控因素

目的 提供陕北地区退耕还林的自然科学依据。方法 在分析现状的基础上，运用粒度方法分析陕北地区的自然因素对退耕还林工程的影响。结果 陕北地区土地沙漠化及水土流失受全球气候变化、青藏高原抬升、西风环流变化、东亚季风演化的控制；第四纪早期，中国北方旱化加剧，陕北地区处于西北部干旱荒漠与东南部森林草原之间的过渡带，极易受到气候波动影响。结论 退耕还林政策使区域人类生产活动更加符合自然规律，使人类活动更加与自然协调，达到了自然环境的良性发展。     

台风“鲇鱼”(2010)过程影响系统分析

本文利用日本气象厅的台风最佳路径数据和美国国家环境预报中心1°×1°逐6h再分析资料,对2010年第13号台风"鲇鱼"的发生发展过程进行详细的分析,发现该过程中主要的影响天气系统有副热带高压和中纬度西风槽等.然后利用分部位涡反演的方法,进一步研究各系统对"鲇鱼"路径与强度变化的影响.得到结果如下:(1)路径方面:台风"鲇鱼"发展过程中,前期主要受副高环流影响向西北方向运动;中期主要是受到位于华南的高压单体的东北风引导气流影响向南转折;后期由于西风槽增强南压,台风与西风槽底接近,"鲇鱼"受到西风槽系统产生的西南风引导气流的作用,向东北偏折.(2)强度方面:在台风强度达到最大时,西风槽、副高、台风等系统位涡扰动对应的水平风垂直切变为最小,不会抑制台风加强;后期西风槽和副高扰动产生的风垂直切变逐渐减小,但随着"鲇鱼"逐渐接近陆地,环境风切增大,台风强度逐渐减弱.这些结果表明,在副高强度大并且与台风距离近时,"鲇鱼"运动主要受副高环流的引导.而随着"鲇鱼"不断西移北抬,副高远离台风其影响几乎消失,中纬度西风槽成为影响台风运动的主要系统.     

中国东北地区干旱趋势的年代际变化

选用东北地区(包括内蒙东部)26个气象站的温度和降水资料,分析了近50 a来的干旱发展趋势和年代际变化.认为:在向干旱发展的总趋势下还有明显的干湿年代际变化,温度逐年升高在干旱发展的总趋势中起主要作用,而降水的年代际变化在干旱的年代际变化中起重要作用,两者在12和25 a的低频振荡上有惊人的一致性.这种低频振荡与东亚中高纬度地区的区域西风环流指数的年代际变化相联系,它们之间呈很好的反位相关系;降水与区域经向环流指数则有很好的同位相关系.但在近50 a的时间范围内,上述各项变化特征在后半期不如前半期的关系好.这可能与全球增暖在高纬度和低纬度地区的强度不同所导致的东亚季风减弱有关.     

Holocene palynological records and their responses to the controversies of climate system in the Shiyang River drainage basin

The Shiyang River drainage basin is located in the northwest margin of the Asian monsoon region. Previous studies reached different conclusions about Holocene climatic changes in the basin. Some studies suggested the Holocene climatic changes were mainly controlled by the Asian monsoon and that the climate was relatively humid during the early Holocene (11.6-7.1 cal ka BP). Other studies found the mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum (7.0-5.0 cal ka BP), and this climate condition was similar to the Holocene westerly wind pattern in arid Central Asia. The modern climate is affected by the Asian monsoon and westerly wind in the drainage basin, and the Holocene climatic records showed two different Holocene climatic patterns-a westerly wind pattern and monsoonal pattern. However, it remains unclear what caused the two different Holocene climatic patterns to co-exist in the region. The palynological records are the main evidence for the Holocene climatic changes in the basin. This paper focuses on palynological records for different parts of the drainage basin. Among them, QTH02, QTL-03 and Sanjiaocheng records are located in the terminal lake, and the Hongshuihe record is located in the middle reaches of the basin. In the terminal lake, the palynological records of QTH02 and QTL-03 are similar, but the Sanjiaocheng record differs. The difference is mainly affected by the variable pollen assemblages in the different locations of the lake basin. From comparison and synthesis of the four palynological records, we concluded that the millennial-scale Holocene climatic changes were affected by the combined effects of the Asian monsoon and westerly wind in the drainage basin, which show the complicated Holocene climatic pattern in the northwest margin of the Asian monsoon.     

Landscape evolution and palaeoclimate in the deserts of northwestern China, with a special reference to Badain Jaran and Taklamakan

A comparative study of geomorphologic landscapes in the Badain Jaran Desert and Taklamakan Desert was made on the basis of field investigations, thermolumi-niscence and radiocarbon dating as well as analysis of sand grain texture. The sand seas of the Badain Jaran Desert differ greatly from that of the Taklamakan Desert in terms of dune morphology, interdune relief, dune stratigraphy and sand sources. The thermoluminiscence ages of the dunes suggest that the basic configuration of the megadunes in the Badain Jaran Desert has not changed at least since Middle Holocene. There were periods of more humid environment during the last glaciation and Holocene in both deserts, but events of higher precipitation in the Badain Jaran Desert were more frequent than in the Taklamakan. In both desert areas, aeolian processes have been intensified during the last 2000 a.     

Landscape evolution and precipitation changes in the Badain Jaran Desert during the last 30 000 years

On the basis of field expeditions into different parts of the Badain Jaran Desert, new evidence of landscape evolution and precipitation changes during the last 30 000 years has been found from the geomorphological, sedimentological and geochronological studies of the megadune. Different cemented surfaces of palaeo-dunes have been observed in many localities, which are representatives of relatively moister environment. The chronological data show that four periods of more humid environment occurred in the past 30 000 years. The stabilization of dunes in a large scale and the existence of many palaeo-lakes and lacustrine terraces confirm the periodic fluctuations of climate. It implies that the intensity of westerlies and Eastasian monsoons varied in the region of Alashan, and the periods of higher precipitation took place even in the times close to the last glacial maximum.     

Comparison of paleoclimatic characteristics between monsoon and westerly areas, China

For past decades there have been many studies on the climate features during the last interglacial and glacial periods. A comparison between the loess record of western China with that of monsoon areas shows some regional differences. ( i) Generally, the climate of the Yili region since the late Pleistocene was dry, with fluctuations. Late Pleistocene climate change in the study area can be divided into 5 stages, corresponding to 5 marine isotopic stages (MIS 1-MISS), (ii) Evidence from grain size composition, magnetic susceptibility, carbonate content, pollen assemblage and geochemistry shows that the climate during the last glacial period was instable. During MIS4 the westerly winds were strong and the humidity was relatively high. Compared with the early stage, MIS2 was dry. In MIS3, westerly winds were relatively weak; pedogenesis prevailed, forming paleo-sols. (iii) In contrast to the Loess Plateau the deposition rate of dust at the early stage was higher than at the late stage of the last galical in the Yili region. The strongest wind event occurred at about 24 kaBP instead of 18 kaBP. (iv) Variations in the grain size indicate that the westerly winds decreased since the deglaciation, but dust accumulation continued until the late Holocene. High carbonate contents, low ratio of Rb/Sr and lack of soil development imply that the climate was dry during the early and middle Holocene. Since the late Holocene the climate became relatively wet and the soil was developed.     

A mid－Holocene drought interval as evidenced by lake desiccation in the Alashan Plateau,Inner Mongolia,China

The mid-Holocene in China is traditionally thought to be a warm and humid period with a strong sum-mer monsoon, and is often termed the Holocene Climatic Optimum or Megathermal Period. Here we present lakegeomorphologic and lithologicai evidence from the Alashan Plateau, part of the Mongolian Plateau, that indicates stronglake desiccation during the mid-Holocene. High resolution pollen data from Zhuyeze Lake, at the present summermonsoon margin, is also presented. These data show that present lakes and wetlands in the Juyanze Lake basin west of the Badain Jaran desert, in the Zhuyeze Lake basin between the Badain Jaran and Tengger deserts, and in lakes in the eastern Tengger desert, dried or experienced low lake levelsin the mid-Holocene around 5000-7000 cal yr BP. Pollen data further indicate that the vegetation cover declined in both the local areas and in the Qilian Mountains, suggesting the climate was drier than that associated with the presentAsian summer monsoon. This mid-Holocene drought interval was present throughout a quite large region of the south In-ner Mongolian Plateau. The period was also probably colder,at least in the high Asian plateaus and mountains.     

Relationship between East Asian winter monsoon, warm pool situation and ENSO cycle

Based on the observational data analyses and numerical simulations with the air-sea coupled model (CGCM), a new perspective on the occurrence mechanism of ENSO is advanced in this paper. The continuous strong (weak) East Asian winter monsoon will lead to continuous westerly (easterly) wind anomalies over the equatorial western Pacific region. The anomalous equatorial westerly (easterly) winds can cause eastward propagation of the subsurface ocean temperature anomalies (SOTA) in the warm pool region, the positive (negative) SOTA have been in the warm pool region for quite a long time. The eastward propagating of positive (negative) SOTA along the thermocline will lead to positive (negative) SSTA in the equatorial eastern Pacific and the occurrence of El Niño (La Niña) event. After the occurrence of ENSO, the winter monsoon in East Asia will be weak (strong) due to the influence of El Niño (La Niña).     

Southern Hemisphere mean zonal wind in upper troposphere and East Asian summer monsoon circulation

1 Introduction Variability of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) has been detected by considering roles of El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, snow cover over Eurasia and Tibetan Plateau, and signals from the soil (namely, the soil temperatur…     

保定‒雄安地区近地面大气流动与轨迹输送特征

基于2016—2017年22个地面气象站点的观测资料和NECP-fnl数据, 使用CALMET风场诊断模式, 计算保定?雄安地区两个年份的逐时风场和每日输送轨迹。根据风场与流动轨迹特性, 从大气扩散输送的角度, 将当地大气流动划分为系统大风型、局地环流型与弱系统影响型 3 类。统计分析结果表明: 大气流动3个类型的大致比例为10%, 50%和40%; 系统大风型流动的占比较低, 且春夏季较多, 秋冬季较少; 局地环流型流动以秋冬季较多, 春夏季较少; 弱系统影响型的出现频率在全年变化不大, 但在秋冬季出现频率稍低; 大气流动受西北部山地影响, 山地-平原风可控制山前约100 km的范围, 覆盖保定市和雄安新区大部; 山地-平原风的转换可在山前区域形成部分时段的小风状况; 该地区大气输送的主要路径是西南-东北方向, 对应大尺度背景流动情况; 西北-东南方向的横向输送距离较短, 对应山地-平原风地形环流的影响; 在系统大风和弱系统影响下, 冬春季会出现部分直接向东南方向的输送轨迹。     

Mackenzie三角洲风暴相关的海岸水动力现象

针对西北风和东风这2种强风在Mackenzie三角洲开敞水域时期占主导地位的特点,运用SWAN模型对1次西北向风暴过程中的风暴浪进行模拟,并基于实测风、流数据和MODIS数据对2次东风引起的海岸水动力现象进行分析。结果表明:西北向风暴影响水域中上层的波浪和强流,引起明显的波浪增水和波能耗散;东向风暴可以引起从海表到海底的强流,甚至强度较弱的持续东风都可以引起上升流和水体混合;西北风和东风都会使水底的细小泥沙发生运动。