稀酸水解木素的热失重特性及其动力学分析

采用热重分析的方法研究了稀酸水解木素在不同升温速率时的热解特性及升温速率对热解反应的影响,并根据微分热重曲线,建立了动力学模型,计算了热解反应的动力学参数.结果表明:200～450℃温度区间是水解木素热解的主要阶段;随着升温速率的增大,热重曲线向高温区移动,升温速率为10、20和30℃/min时,失重速率分别在311.9、323.8和338.1℃左右出现最大值,且微分热重曲线均只出现一个较大的失重峰.根据Coats-Redfern法,稀酸水解木素在不同升温速率下的热解可用两个一级反应表示,随着升温速率的提高,活化能有所降低,低温区稀酸水解木素的活化能在18.27～18.47kJ/mol之间,高温区的在74.45～84.37kJ/mol之间.     

无机胺合成的 HZSM-5 催化间二甲苯异构化脉冲动力学研究

利用脉冲法研究了间二甲苯在用无机胺合成的HZSM-5沸石上的催化异构化动力学行为.在758~801K温度范围内,载气流量22~60 ml/min,压力0.2~0.3 MPa,反应是表观一级反应,表观活化能119.2 kJ/mol,气相色谱保留体积法测得间二甲苯的吸附热为47.2 kJ/mol,故得到表面反应的活化能为166.4 kJ/mol.     

玉米芯热重分析及气化反应动力学研究

利用热重分析实验得出玉米芯气化可大致分为3个阶段：水分蒸发、挥发分析出和焦炭阶段．研究表明,当升温速率为20℃／min时,物料的最大失重率只有85．75％,在所有的升温速率中最小;当升温速率为10℃／min时,物料的最大失重率可达到97．94％．以升温速率为5℃／min的热重曲线研究玉米芯气化过程中的挥发分析状况,当温度在250℃-330℃时,气化反应属于2级反应,其拟合方程Y=-2332．3x-7．9534,活化能E和指前因子A分别为19．4kJ／mol和3．4×10^4min;温度在330℃～530℃时,气化反应属于1级反应,其拟合方程Y=-1960．5x-9．7076,活化能E和指前因子A分别为16．3kJ／mol和5．0×10^1min^-1．     

铁精粉氧化过程的动力学研究

通过恒温和均匀升温实验,采用大载荷热重分析仪研究了铁精粉氧化过程动力学.结果表明:均匀升温过程中,铁精粉氧化的主要控制环节变化是外扩散型→内扩散型→外扩散型,氧化结束后,部分Fe2O3发生分解反应生成Fe2O4和O2,使得TG曲线质量变化率减小;等温实验也证明了氧化主体部分的控制环节是内扩散,其表观活化能为26.193 kJ·mol-1;铁精粉氧化过程促进了钛元素富集,改变了产物的微观结构.     

炭化型煤的水蒸气气化特性及动力学

以褐煤等粉煤为原料,采用冷压成型和低温炭化工艺,研制出高热稳定性的气化用炭化型煤。在固定床气化装置中,研究了炭化型煤的水蒸气气化特性和动力学。研究表明,气化温度从880℃提高到1 000℃,碳转化率达到85%的时间从40~50min缩短至20min以内;反应进行5~8min时,炭化型煤气化反应速率达到最大值;气化温度为880℃时,反应全程处在化学反应控制区;气化温度为920℃、960℃和1 000℃时,反应过程由化学控制区向内扩散控制区转移,转移的拐点在碳转化率为90%~95%之间出现。炭化型煤气化动力学可用二维扩散模式的缩核模型描述,在化学反应控制区,表观活化能为93.83~104.11kJ/mol,表观活化能与指前因子存在动力学补偿效应;在内扩散控制区,表观活化能为76.45~87.05kJ/mol。     

底泥负载K+基吸收剂CO2再生反应特性

介绍了底泥负载K+吸收剂的制备方法,并通过热重分析试验研究了其再生反应特性.苏州河底泥添加KHCO3和黏结剂制备得到CO2干式吸收剂模拟待再生剂；从KHCO3负载量、升温速率和加入分析纯K2CO3共3方面对模拟待再生剂进行热重分析,求取再生反应动力学参数,研究其再生反应特性.研究结果表明,再生反应表观活化能在90～120 kJ/mol之间；KHCO3负载量为40％时分解反应更容易发生,再生性能好；升温速率的变化对再生反应影响不大,当升温速率达到5℃/min以上时,再生转化率均超过90％；加入分析纯K2CO3后,再生反应发生的难度增大.     

氮气气氛下玉米淀粉热分解动力学参数

为确定玉米淀粉热分解反应的化学动力学参数,在氮气气氛下以5,10,15℃/min升温速率对其进行了热重分析.结果表明:玉米淀粉受热过程可分为3个阶段;升温速率不同,各阶段的起始与终止温度存在差异;阶段Ⅰ起始温度为25℃,终止温度为125~146℃,阶段Ⅱ起始温度为266~274℃,终止温度为341~373℃,阶段Ⅲ的开始温度为342~378℃,终止温度为427~520℃;在阶段Ⅱ中玉米淀粉的热分解较为明显,反应的活化能为324.3~355.9 kJ/mol,反应级数为1.6~2.1;动力学参数计算的淀粉失重预测值与实验值一致性较好.     

Fe2O3/氮掺杂石墨烯复合材料的热分解动力学

对Fe₂O₃/氮掺杂石墨烯（NG）的热解行为进行热重研究,分析出物质的热分解特性和机理函数。通过水热法制备Fe₂O₃/NG样品,在氮气氛围的保护下分别以5、10、15、20 K/min的升温速率线性升温到1 473.15 K。使用Kissinger Akahira and Sunose（KAS）、Flynn-Wall-Ozawa（FWO）两种“model free”方法和Coats-Redfern模型拟合法进行热动力学拟合,结果表明：FWO和KAS两种拟合法估算的表观活化能变化范围分别为404.08~424.65 kJ/mol和405.52~427.10 kJ/mol,且表观活化能随着转化率的增大而增加;FWO和KAS两种拟合法估算的表观活化能平均值分别为410.92 kJ/mol和412.74 kJ/mol,相差0.4%;Mample Power（P3）是最能反映Fe₂O₃/NG分解机理的函数。     

东荣矿区煤样氧化反应动力学热分析

东荣矿区煤层自燃现象较为严重,煤的氧化动力学参数是反映煤自燃倾向性的重要指标,为防治东荣矿区煤层自燃,在不同升温速率条件下的基础上,应用热重分析实验,研究了东荣煤样升温氧化过程中质量变化的规律,同时结合15种气固反应机理函数,运用?atava法对煤样进行动力学分析,确定了煤氧化机理函数,及活化能、指前因子及反应级数等动力学参数,并应用Ozawa法对得到的动力学参数结果进行了验证。实验表明:不同升温速率下煤样氧化自燃总反应历程相似,热分析曲线的变化规律相同,但随着升温速度的加大,曲线有向右平移的趋势。计算得到煤样高温剧烈氧化时的反应级数为1级,反应动力学模式为一级化学反应,其表观活化能为174.588 kJ/mol,指前因子为5.729×10~(10).     

基于热重质谱联用的沥青质燃烧特性分析

为了分析沥青质的燃烧特性,利用热重质谱联用技术模拟了沥青质在空气环境中的燃烧.分别采用Coats-Redfern积分法和分布活化能模型计算了沥青质不同阶段的活化能,其中CoatsRedfern积分法将沥青质的燃烧过程分为2个阶段,其活化能分别为221.33和147.07 kJ/mol.采用分布活化能模型计算了转化率为0.1~0.9的9个活化能,活化能从210.49 kJ/mol逐渐降低至42.98 kJ/mol.根据质谱图,确定了各个时刻逸出气体的种类和产量.2种活化能计算方法分别验证了沥青质燃烧过程中活化能逐渐降低,说明在燃烧过程中随着反应的进行,燃烧逐渐变得更容易发生.由质谱图与沥青质的热失重速率曲线比较可知,热失重速率峰值处气体逸出量最多.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with