不同固相体积分数下水轮机内部两相流动的数值模拟

基于N-S方程,运用k-ε-Ap模型,采用笛卡尔坐标系、混合四面体非结构网格和SIMPLE算法,将混流式水轮机蜗壳、固定导叶和活动导叶作为耦合整体,对引水、导水部件在不同固相体积分数的含沙水两相流介质流动时的内部流场进行数值模拟计算.探讨不同固相体积分数下引水、导水部件内部流场两相流动机理,分析和预测不同体积分数的泥沙两相流动时蜗壳、固定导叶、活动导叶等部件的泥沙磨损状况.研究结果表明,不同固相体积分数时水轮机引水、导水部件内部流动特性具有明显差异,各部位磨蚀状况也各不相同,这与电站的实际磨损情况基本吻合.     

含沙水水轮机导水部件模型实验装置

叙述了新研制的含沙水水轮机导水部件模型实验装置的设计、功能及测试方法。该装置简单、功能多,可用于水轮机引水、导水部件的流场研究与方案对比,也可用于含沙水流在管路及阀门中的流动及水泵工作特性研究;提出的含沙水时流场测压的内外平衡法,解决了测压孔易堵塞的难题。     

混流式水轮机引水、导水部件内部固液两相流动的数值分析

基于N-S方程,运用k-ε-Ap模型,采用直角坐标系、混合四面体非结构网格和SIMPLE算法,将混流式水轮机蜗壳、固定导叶和活动导叶作为耦合整体,对引水、导水部件在含沙水两相流介质流动时的内部流场进行数值模拟计算.分析水轮机引水、导水部件内部流场两相流动的机理,对泥沙两相流动时蜗壳、固定导叶和活动导叶等部件的泥沙磨损进行分析和预测.研究结果表明,蜗壳包角从0°～320°的外侧壁、特殊固定导叶的头部及工作面靠近头部位置、活动导叶头部及工作面靠近头尾部的区域,属于磨损严重区域,与水电站的实际磨损情况基本吻合.     

非定常水斗表面自由水膜的流动机理

冲击式水轮机水斗内非定常自由水膜的流动非常复杂,至今还没有足够精确的数值方法来模拟这种流动．文中分析了非定常水膜流的流动机理,根据N-S方程推导出了水斗表面流体粒子在转动坐标系中的相对运动控制微分方程,依据控制微分方程编写出了数值解析软件并对水斗内的水膜流动进行了数值模拟,定量地得到了某模型水轮机水斗内部流动的速度场、能量场．对比一系列水膜流态分布,数值解析得到的结果与试验观测结果基本相吻合,最优工况下的水力效率与模型试验数据的误差为0．33％．     

高比转速混流式水轮机引水部件水流特性研究

对ｎｓ＝２６０ｍ·ｋＷ的混流式水轮机引水部件流场测试结果作了介绍。通过在蜗壳进口、出口、导叶出口３个断面布置五孔探针进行测量，揭示水轮机引水部件内部的流动特性。结果表明：各断面流动均具有较好的轴对称性；蜗壳进口断面基本上为轴向均匀流动；蜗壳出口断面上的环量基本上为常数；导叶出口断面的环量沿导叶高度分布不均匀，由上冠至下环逐渐增大。进行了初步分析，对改进水轮机设计提出了建议。     

含沙水流在水轮机中的流动分析研究

本文从固液两相流的动量方程出发,研究了水轮机蜗壳、导水部件及转轮中的含沙水流运动规律。推证了含沙水流在水轮机中流动时,其沙子和液体的流动属于分离流动,即沙子和液体的运动速度和运动角是不相同的,且沙子质量越大,差值越大;并指出在水头相同时,水中含沙时水轮机的效率一般低于清水时的效率;进而分析了水轮机各过流部件的泥沙摩损规律。     

双流道水力透平的性能预测与结构优化

借鉴低比转速混流式水轮机的叶片设计原理与双吸泵的结构型式,设计出一种卧式双流道混流式水力透平机.为了对其结构进行优化,保证性能和最大化水能回收效率,又能最大限度地降低研究成本,对导水部件采用几种不同翼型导叶的方案进行了探讨.研究结果表明:利用传统的头部较厚的导叶不利于水流绕流,在导叶头部处能量损失严重,而添加头部修型的负曲率导叶的水力透平效率最优,且在小流量工况下其水力性能较其他方案好,表明该导叶应用工况范围广,选择该设计要求下水力透平的导叶,缩短了产品设计周期与节约了成本,为将来水力透平机的结构优化和性能预测提供了有益的理论和实际应用参考.     

应用三维空间导叶的混流式水轮机流动

为减小混流式水轮机转轮内的叶道涡,设计了两种三维空间导叶,推导了流量调节方程,采用了全三维全流道的湍流计算方法,完成了从蜗壳进口到尾水管出口,包含所有流道在内的数值计算;并进行了模型对比试验。结果显示:应用三维空间导叶对水轮机能量性能没有太大的影响,但是增大了活动导叶上部的水流出口角,从而减小了转轮叶片进口处的冲击,尤其是在高水头、小开度情况下,上冠处的冲击和脱流比二维常规导叶有明显改善,降低了叶道涡发生的可能性,提高了水轮机的运行稳定性。     

用代数应力紊流模型预估水轮机转轮内部三维流场

以三峡水轮机组转轮内部流动研究为背景,基于雷诺时均方程和代数应力紊流模型,采用贴体坐标和交错网络系统,用ＳＩＭＰＬＥＣ算法对一比转速为２４０的混流式水轮机模型转轮内部三维紊流进行了数值模拟,得出了设计工况的流场特性,并初步分析了转轮的汽蚀和能量特性。结果表明,研制的程序可作为水轮机组转轮内部流场分析、数值试验和性能预估的工具。计算结果可为改进和优化转轮设计提供有益的参考资料。     

基于LBM的贯流式水轮机甩负荷特性研究

基于格子Boltzmann方法(LBM),采用壁面自适应局部涡黏模型,对原型贯流式水轮机甩额定负荷的瞬态过程进行了大涡模拟,获得了在活动导叶两段关闭方式下水轮机甩负荷过程中转轮转速、水力矩、轴向力等工作参数的变化规律,探讨了贯流式水轮机在甩负荷过程中导叶和转轮前后的水压变化.计算得到甩负荷过程中转轮最大转速上升率为36.7%,满足电站甩负荷调节的要求.较慢的导叶关闭速率可以降低水压力波动的幅度.对甩负荷过程中水轮机各过流部件内的瞬态流场进行了分析,结果表明:在水轮机甩负荷过程中,水流冲角的变化使得叶片表面产生低压区从而引起空化空蚀,在转轮和尾水管内部存在湍流涡及复杂的二次流动,影响系统的运行稳定性.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.