过冷沸腾蒸汽-水两相流真实含汽率模型

过冷沸腾蒸汽水两相流相分布特性计算对核反应堆的热工设计与安全分析非常重要。该研究建立了计算过冷沸腾真实含汽率的非线性热平衡微分方程;基于在过冷沸腾起始点和饱和沸腾起始点分别存在2个拐点的特点,提出了高、低入口过冷度工况下沸腾流道内真实含汽率计算模型,模型中同时给出了饱和沸腾起始点的计算公式。根据该模型获得真实含汽率后可采用漂移流模型得出真实空泡率。在较大的压力、质量流速和热流密度工况范围内的该模型计算结果与现有的大量蒸汽水空泡率实验数据一致性较好。     

环形窄通道内流动沸腾换热及两相流型研究

实验研究了垂直向上窄缝环形管内流动沸腾换热特性和流型变化，窄缝宽度为1—2．5mm．实验结果表明，窄缝内沸腾传热有明显强化，并出现了区别于常规尺寸管内的两相流型和局部换热特性。     

窄缝流道壁面上分布凹坑对流动传热的影响

采用数值模拟的方法研究了缝隙宽度为2mm的窄缝流道壁面上分布的微小凹坑对流道内的流动与传热的影响情况．采用RNGK-8方程模型作为湍流计算模型,应用Stmplo算法求解压力-速度耦合项,模型的可行性用Burgess的实验数据检验．数值研究结果表明,在给定凹坑分布的条件下,表面凹坑的几何结构对窄缝流道内的流动传热性在一定雷诺数范围内有显著的影响;在较低雷诺数条件下。随雷诺数的增加窄缝凹坑流道的传热能力将增加,当雷诺数大于某临界点时,表面凹坑对传热能力的影响不大．     

竖直窄环隙流道自然对流过冷沸腾实验研究

以水为工质，在常压下对竖直窄环隙流道进行了内侧加热自然对流过冷沸腾换热实验研究．实验考察了入口过冷度和热流密度对过冷沸腾换热系数的影响．结果表明，当热流密度一定时，换热系数随入口过冷度的增大而减小，而且，当入口过冷度变化趋势不同时，所对应的换热系数也不相同．另外，当入口过冷度为定值时，换热系数随着热流密度的增加出现非单调变化．     

自然循环过冷沸腾流动和CHF的实验研究

为了研究自然循环过冷沸腾条件下流动不稳定性和临界热流密度 ( CHF)的影响因素及其规律 ,以氟里昂作工质 ,在系统压力为 0 .9～ 2 .4MPa,入口过冷度为 -0 .61～-0 .0 8K,加热功率为 1.2～ 13 k W实验条件下 ,对自然循环过冷沸腾流动不稳定性和 CHF进行了实验研究。实验结果证实 ,自然循环系统内可能发生两类流动不稳定性 :高频声波型脉动和低频密度波型脉动。流动不稳定性的发生与整个系统的几何结构及总加热功率有关 ,而 CHF则主要取决于局部的流动参数和加热热流密度。得到了判断系统流动不稳定性的发生界限。修正的 Bowring关系式可以可靠地用于预测自然循环过冷沸腾条件下的临界热流密度     

流动沸腾中Chen模型抑制因子的确定

以核化理论为基础,在考虑沸腾表面微结构分布的影响下,确定了流动沸腾换热关系式中Chen模型抑制因子的表达式。并以R134a和R22为实验工质在14mm内径的水平光滑管内进行了流动沸腾换热实验,对获得的实验数据采用Chen模型建立流动沸腾换热关系式,抑制因子采用笔者得到的表达式,该换热关系式能很好地和实验数据吻合,表明笔者确定的抑制因子表达式能有效提高采用Chen模型建立的流动沸腾换热关系式的准确度。     

矩形双通道饱和沸腾传热特性试验研究

针对船舰核反应堆内板式燃料狭窄通道间高温高压条件下沸腾传热问题,通过试验的方法对并联窄矩形通道内去离子水上升流动沸腾传热和流量分配规律展开了研究。设计了板式燃料电加热模拟体,制作了适用于高参数下的并联矩形窄缝通道流通结构,解决了高温高压下试验段密封、绝缘和热膨胀等问题。试验段本体为宽高比39.4的并联矩形通道,试验工况为入口压力2.1～10 MPa、入口温度80～299℃、质量流速1 000～1 500 kg/(m~2·s)、热流密度100～300 kW/m~2。结果表明:2毫米级窄缝矩形通道内单相传热特性与常规圆形通道内传热规律无明显差异;通道内工质沸腾后,热流密度成为沸腾传热主导因素,质量流速对换热特性影响减弱;从壁温、质量流速、热流密度和压力分析双通道传热特性差异,发现相同工况条件下双通道相同位置传热系数偏差不超过±7%,从传热角度看两个并联矩形通道流量分配趋于均匀;将试验数据与5个现存沸腾传热关联式进行了对比,并以Kim公式为基础对关联式进行了改进,拟合得到一个新关联式,改进后的关联式与试验数据吻合良好,分别有77.1%、96.4%的预测值与试验值偏差在±10%、±20%范围内。     

高热流密度下高度对微小间隙通道内流动沸腾特性的影响

实验研究了常压去离子水在不同高度的微小间隙通道内的流动沸腾特性．实验热流密度为0～206 W/cm²，质流密度为200～400 kg/(m²·s)，间隙为1 mm和2 mm．结果显示，随着实验条件的变化，通道内出现了泡状流、清扫流、搅拌流，且在清扫流早期观察到不稳定流动现象．此外，间隙高度降低促进了流型的过渡，加快了不稳定流动的进程．1 mm通道内核态沸腾起始点的热流密度低于2 mm通道，表明间隙高度的降低更有利于气泡在低热流密度下成核；1 mm通道的过冷沸腾传热系数最高为2 mm通道的1.7倍，2 mm通道内饱和沸腾传热系数略高于1 mm通道．表明低热流密度下过冷沸腾时小通道具有更好的传热性能，高热流密度下饱和沸腾时大通道的传热稍具优势，同时表明间隙高度造成的传热差异随热流密度增大先增大后变小；1 mm通道内临界热流密度为2 mm通道的83%，表明间隙高度的降低会使得临界热流密度降低．     

过冷核态池沸腾的分形模型

本文提出过冷核态池沸腾热传递的分形模型,根据加热表面活化点的分形分布得到了过冷核态池沸腾热流密度的表达式.从该模型中发现过冷流动沸腾热流密度是壁面过热度、流体的过冷度、流体的接触角与流体物理特性的函数关系,并且没有增加新的经验常数.对不同的过冷度,模型预测的结果与实验数据进行了比较,两者是极好的吻合.     

脉冲宽度及质量流量对微尺度流动沸腾的影响

对通过微机械加工技术制成的微芯片进行微尺度过冷流动沸腾现象的研究,分析了脉冲宽度及质量流量对沸腾起始时间的影响.所用Pt微加热器尺寸为140 μm×100 μm,试验过程选用了6个脉冲宽度（0.05、0.10、0.20、0.60、1.00和2.00 ms）及5种质量流量条件（45、90、135、180和225 kg/(m3·s)）,结果表明：脉冲宽度和质量流量对绝对沸腾起始时间影响不大;通过试验数据得到不同脉冲宽度下各个区域的转变关系式,以及对本试验最有效的脉冲宽度为0.20 ms.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-