三元Sb60Ag20Cu20合金中枝晶与共晶的快速生长

采用深过冷方法实现了三元Sb₆₀Ag₂₀Cu₂₀合金的快速凝固, 最大过冷度达到142 K(0.18T_L). 在40~142 K过冷范围内, 合金凝固组织由(Sb), θ (Cu₂Sb)和 ε (Ag₃Sb)相组成. 深过冷扩大了(Sb)相的固溶度, 从而使其点阵发生膨胀, 点阵参数值增大. 初生(Sb)相存在两种生长方式: 小过冷条件下主要以非小面相枝晶形式生长; 大过冷条件下呈现小面相枝晶生长. (Sb)和θ相的晶体结构差异较大, 使合金熔体到达(θ+Sb)共晶线时不易生成(θ +Sb)二相共晶, 而是形成条状θ 相. θ 和 ε 相具有较强的协同生长趋势, 因此易于形成( ε + θ )二相共晶. 另外, 根据微观组织特征和DSC实验结果确定了合金的快速凝固路径.     

液态Fe—Sb合金中枝晶生长规律研究

液态Fe-10％Sb合金在熔融玻璃净化和自由落体实验条件下,分别达到429K（0．24TL）和568K（0．32TL）过冷度．深过冷并没有改变合金的相组成,快速凝固组织中只有αFe单相固溶体．熔融玻璃净化实验研究发现,αFe枝晶生长速度随过冷度呈指数函数变化．当过冷度△T〈296K时,枝晶生长速度随过冷度增大而升高,并在296K过冷度处达到极大值1．38m／s．若合金过冷度进一步增大,αFe枝晶生长速度则呈现降低趋势．枝晶生长形态演变的主要规律是,小过冷条件下αFe相以粗大枝晶方式生长,而深过冷合金熔体中形成蠕虫状枝晶．溶质截留程度主要取决于实际枝晶生长速度而不是过冷度大小,同时也与冷却速率相关．由于其结晶温度间隔比较宽大,尽管快速枝晶生长显著抑制了溶质偏析,但是Fe-10％Sb合金仍难以实现完全无偏析凝固．     

落管中Al-Ge亚共晶合金的快速枝晶生长

采用落管无容器处理技术研究了Al-45%Ge亚共晶合金在无容器条件下的深过冷与快速枝晶生长.自由落体过程中液滴达到的过冷度范围为13～201K,最大过冷度达0.27T L .发现初生(Al)相的生长形态随着过冷度的增大由柱状枝晶向等轴枝晶转变.根据快速枝晶生长理论对初生(Al)相的枝晶生长速度进行了计算,结果表明初生(Al)相的生长始终受溶质扩散控制,没有发生从溶质扩散控制生长向热扩散控制生长的转变.     

深过冷Pb-Sb-Sn合金中初生相和共晶组织形成规律研究

研究了Pb-Sb-Sn三元系中不同相区的合金在深过冷条件下凝固组织形成规律. 实验发现, 初生(Pb)和SbSn相均以枝晶方式生长, 而初生(Sb)相主要呈现为多边形块状和板条状小面相. (Pb)和SbSn相之间的亲和力较强, 易于形成二相共晶, 组织形态丰富多彩. (Pb)和(Sb)相则是以离异共晶方式生长. (Sb)和SbSn相不易单独形成二相共晶, 但在三元共晶组织中可以相互依附生长. (Pb)+ (Sb)+SbSn三元共晶组织通常呈层片状生长, 当其体积分数较小时会形成不规则共晶组织. EDS分析表明, 在深过冷快速凝固条件下, 三种初生相的溶质固溶度均得以扩展, 表现出显著的溶质截留效应.     

旋转磁场及快速凝固对Pb-Bi合金凝固组织的影响

研究了不同转速的旋转磁场对Pb-Bi合金凝固组织的影响,对于Pb-52%Bi亚共晶,旋转磁场能碎断枝晶,细化晶粒;对于Pb-66%Bi过共晶,旋转磁场能消除比重偏析。另外,采用硅油净化法结合水淬使Pb-52%Bi亚共晶和Pb-60.9%Bi过共晶分别获得了47 K和66 K的较大过冷度,对于Pb-52%Bi亚共晶,金属间化合物ε相枝晶细化显著;对于Pb-60.9%Bi过共晶,组织中没出现初生相Bi,只有细密的共晶组织。对于Pb-52%Bi亚共晶在快速凝固的同时加旋转磁场,过冷度由47 K增大为55 K,ε相呈细小颗粒弥散分布。     

自由落体条件下三元Al-Cu-Ag合金的快速凝固

三元Al-30％Cu-18％Ag合金在自由落体条件下发生快速凝固,形成由θ（Al2Cu）,α（Al）和善（Ag2Al）三相组成的凝固组织．测定其固相面与液相面温度分别为778和827K,实验获得过冷度最大达△TMax=171K（0．20TL）．在对过冷行为和形核能力计算的基础上,分析了该合金快速凝固组织的演变规律．发现过冷度随合金液滴直径减小而呈指数形式增加,在整个过冷范围内,θ（Al2Cu）相的形核率最大,ξ（Ag2Al）相的形核率最小．当△T〈78K时,初生的θ（Al2Cu）相生成粗大枝晶;当78≤△T≤171K时,θ（Al2Cu）相晶粒细化,与α（Al）两相交替生长;当△T≥171K时,形成了以（θ＋α＋ξ）三元不规则共晶团为主要特征的凝固组织．     

深过冷Ni—Si共晶合金中Ni3Si的生长形态

采用熔融玻璃净化和循环过热相结合的方法，使Ｎｉ－Ｓｉ共晶合金获得了２２４Ｋ的大过冷度，对该合金深过冷快速凝固组织的形成机制和小平面相Ｎｉ３Ｓｉ的生长形态的研究发现，在过冷条件下，共晶组织形成之前，往往会生成组成共晶的两相的初生相，随着过冷度的增大，Ｎｉ３Ｓｉ初生相的生长形态由小平面形态向非小平面形态转变，其转变的临界过冷度约为６０Ｋ。     

低过冷度下单相合金凝固组织的细化与重新长大

通过改变试样质量和冷却规范,研究了过冷Cu-30％Ni(原子分数)单相合金在不同凝固时间下的组织转变规律.在实验所选择的几秒到数分的凝固时间内,均于较低的过冷度范围和高过冷度下观察到了粗大树枝晶向细小等轴晶的转变.延长凝固时间,晶粒发生细化的两个过冷度区间扩大.对低过冷度下细化组织进行的考察表明.快速凝固刚结束时,细化晶粒仍具有树枝晶的特征,随缓凝阶段持续时间的延长,晶粒逐步蜕化为球状晶和蠕虫状晶,与此同时,晶粒度以幂函数规律重新增大.过冷熔体快速凝固使初生固相含有过饱和的低熔点组元以及较多的晶体缺陷.最终导致快速凝固结束后形成的细小晶粒在缓凝阶段的重新粗化速度明显快于正常凝固过程中晶体的粗化速度.     

深过冷条件下三元共晶的快速生长

采用熔融玻璃净化方法进行了大体积Ag_42.4Cu_21.6Sb₃₆三元共晶合金的深过冷实验, 获得最大过冷度为114 K(0.16 T_E). 发现在深过冷非平衡条件下三元共晶由ε(Ag₃Sb), (Sb)和θ(Cu₂Sb)三相组成, 而不是平衡相图中预期的(Ag), (Sb)和θ(Cu₂Sb)相. 小过冷条件下, 合金的凝固组织是初生θ相、(ε+θ)和(ε+Sb)二相共晶以及规则(ε+θ+Sb)三元共晶并存的混合形态. 随着过冷度的增大, 初生相和二相共晶逐渐消失, 而且三元共晶发生从规则共晶向不规则共晶的生长形态转变. 当过冷度超过102 K时, 不规则(ε+θ+Sb)三元共晶成为惟一的组织生长形态. 3个共晶相之间发生的竞争形核与生长是出现复杂生长形态的主要原因. 实验与理论计算结果表明, 金属间化合物θ相是领先形核相.     

落管中Co-Sn共晶合金的快速凝固

采用落管无容器处理技术实现了Co-34.2%Sn共晶合金在微重力条件下的快速凝固,获得了直径为100～900μm液滴的凝固组织.研究发现,随着过冷度的增大,共晶生长由层片共晶向不规则共晶转变.实验中获得了0～309 K的过冷度,最大过冷度达到0.22 TE.理论分析与实验结果表明,γCO3Sn金属间化合物是领先形核相;过冷度大于213 K时,金属间化合物γCo3Sn将取代层片共晶成为领先生长相;Co-Sn合金的共晶共生区偏向于富Co方,其成分范围为19.0%～39.6%Sn.实验达到的过冷度范围内,αCo固溶体和γCo3Sn金属间化合物均以溶质扩散控制方式生长.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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