孕妇细小病毒B19感染对母婴结局影响及其新进展

人细小病毒B19属于细小病毒科细小病毒属,是唯一感染人类的细小病毒.其病毒感染呈世界范围分布,一年四季散发.主要经呼吸道传播给孕妇,孕妇主要经垂直传播的方式感染胎儿.应用血清学与分子生物学方法来明确诊断.它与自然流产、死胎、胎儿水肿、贫血、新生儿疾病等有关.本研究对细小病毒B19病原学、孕妇感染现状、临床表现与母婴结局、诊断、预防治疗等最新进展综述.     

研究支持SARS病毒源于蝙蝠

经过对SARS病毒进行基因组研究，美国俄亥俄州立大学的科研人员获得相关病毒比较研究提供的证据，表明感染人类的SARS病毒起源于蝙蝠。该分析对引起SARS的病毒在人类及动物宿主中的传播途径进行了迫踪，其结论与SARS在2004年已被根除的主张相左。     

猴管理人员预防猴疱疹病毒(B病毒)的准则

<正> 猴疱疹病毒是疱疹病毒群的成员之一,可引起猕猴属中猕猴及其他亚洲猴的传染病。与单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型感染人相似,猕猴B病毒早期感染可引起以口腔粘膜损伤为特征的口龈炎,多数情况下不显症状。病毒在宿主体内持续存在,并可自发的或在应激条件下重新激发,结果通过唾液和/或生殖道分泌物传播。与野生猕猴一样,笼养成年猕猴比未成年猕猴更易感染和传播病毒。据报道,1932年猴管理人员因感染B病毒发生大脑炎,表明B病毒可引起人类高致     

第四代人类免疫缺陷病毒HIV(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)型抗体酶免检测试剂

<正> 该项成果属于现代生物技术方面免疫生物工程领域。艾滋病由一种嗜人类淋巴细胞病毒感染而引起的疾病,该病传播快,死亡率极高。迄今尚无特效的药物及疫苗来治愈和预防该病。切断其传播途径是防治该病传播的可行有效的措施。艾滋病病毒(人类免疫缺陷病毒,缩写“HIV”)检测盒是我们诊断HIV感染和杜绝经血液     

病毒性肝炎动物模型的研究

病毒性肝炎动物模型的研究李菁菁，陈乾生广东省实验动物监测所（广州市新港西路１０５号５１０２６０）人类许多疾病的研究进展在一定程度上依赖于动物模型的建立。实验动物模型对人类病毒性肝炎的致病机理、传播途径和病毒复制机制的研究以及免疫预防和疫苗研究起了相当...     

健康教育在乙型病毒性肝炎防治中的作用

乙型病毒性肝炎作为一种严重危害人类健康的常见传染病、多发病,对人类生命健康构成重大威胁.我国属于乙型病毒性肝炎的高发区,一旦感染,往往久治不愈、病情反复.据不完全统计,每年因感染HBV导致的肝硬化、肝衰竭和HCC而死亡的人数约有100万人.因此,健康教育对于做好乙型病毒性肝炎防治工作尤为重要.本文就乙肝病毒(HBV)的生物学特性、传播途径及乙肝病毒(HBV)携带者和乙型肝炎患者进行健康教育宣传、饮食指导、用药指导、出院指导等方面进行了深入探讨,试图普及乙型病毒性肝炎防治的相关知识,从而降低其发病率和感染率.     

假如鼠消失了……

正假如鼠消失了,我们的生活会变得更好吗?小朋友,别急着回答,我们一起来分析分析。鼠消失后,病毒依旧会传播病毒的适应性很好。它会变异,并找到新的传播途径。比如,甲型流感病毒最早只感染鸟,后来又感染猪,还祸害人。假如鼠消失了,同样的事情会发生,许多病毒会找到其他宿主。     

外刊概要

1抗流感H7N9隐忧仍存【美】《科学》2013年4月12日新型禽流感病毒H7N9正在传播,如何确诊传染病例仍然是个迷。尽管如此,很多研究人员都谨慎乐观:没有确凿的证据证明病毒会在人与人之间传播。亚特兰大疾病控制和预防中心的迈克尔·肖说,禽流感通常不会影响人体健康,因为人体细胞上的受体排斥禽鸟病毒,但禽流感病毒基因中H7受体结合位点可感染哺乳类动物。     

病毒性肝炎——值得警惕的重要人兽互传病

概述了人类病毒性肝炎的发病特点及流行状况、动物模型和自然感染病毒性肝炎的情况。简述了笔者的研究室在动物病毒性肝炎方面的研究进展。引起人类病毒性肝炎的病因复杂多样,病毒性肝炎严重地威胁着人类的健康。尤其是随着时间的推移,人类病毒性肝炎的发病率在不断提高,作为一种人兽互传病——病毒性肝炎已在动物中广泛存在,尤其是在畜禽中的分布,是我们不可回避的事实。人类病毒性肝炎的蔓延速度之所以如此之快,可能与动物有关,特别是与人类生活关系比较密切的家畜和家禽有关。动物病毒性肝炎的存在已对公共卫生造成显著影响,对人类健康构成严重威胁。建议相关主管部门重视对病毒性肝炎的研究工作,从公共卫生的角度组织研究动物,特别是畜禽病毒性肝炎与人的病毒性肝炎之间的关系问题,尤其是其间的传播问题,为防制此类疾病的进一步蔓延、流行,保证动物产品的卫生安全,保障人类的健康提供科学依据,并尽快采取防控措施。     

新疆维吾尔族JC病毒基因型的分布状况研究

文章对维吾尔族的Jc病毒IG区域基因型的地理分布状况进行了对比研究。从103个40岁以上的男性尿样提供者中分离出了Jc病毒，并且对它们进行了DNA提取，对JC病毒IG区域进行了PCR扩增和DNA序列测定，得到了73人的JC病毒DNAIG区域的碱基序列。多态分析研究结果表明，73人中的基因型分别由B1-a，B1-b，B1-c，CY和EU组成，各基因型所占比率为：4．1％，58．9％，8．2％，21．9％和2．7％。研究发现，在各基因型中B1-b型和CY型所占的比率高。通过NJ法进行了聚类分析法构建分子系统树，分析发现该人群JC病毒基因型中广泛分布于欧亚大陆中心的B1-b型占优势，其次是分布于亚洲东北部的CY型。     

The role of evolution in the emergence of infectious diseases

It is unclear when, where and how novel pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), monkeypox and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) will cross the barriers that separate their natural reservoirs from human populations and ignite the epidemic spread of novel infectious diseases. New pathogens are believed to emerge from animal reservoirs when ecological changes increase the pathogen's opportunities to enter the human population and to generate subsequent human-to-human transmission. Effective human-to-human transmission requires that the pathogen's basic reproductive number, R(0), should exceed one, where R(0) is the average number of secondary infections arising from one infected individual in a completely susceptible population. However, an increase in R(0), even when insufficient to generate an epidemic, nonetheless increases the number of subsequently infected individuals. Here we show that, as a consequence of this, the probability of pathogen evolution to R(0) > 1 and subsequent disease emergence can increase markedly.     

Ecology: avoidance of disease by social lobsters

Transmissible pathogens are the bane of social animals, so they have evolved behaviours to decrease the probability of infection. There is no record, however, of social animals avoiding diseased individuals of their own species in the wild. Here we show how healthy, normally gregarious Caribbean spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus) avoid conspecifics that are infected with a lethal virus. Early detection and avoidance of infected, though not yet infectious, individuals by healthy lobsters confers a selective advantage and highlights the importance of host behaviour in disease transmission among natural populations.     

Potential of community-wide chemotherapy or immunotherapy to control the spread of HIV-1

Whether zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, AZT) should be offered to symptomless individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), in the hope of delaying or even preventing progression to AIDS, has been much debated. The discussion has focused on the efficacy of the drug in delaying progression to disease, the severity of its side-effects, and the likelihood of its prolonged and widespread use resulting in zidovudine-resistant strains of the virus. Little attention has been given to the degree to which treatment reduces the infectiousness of symptomless patients, and to the concomitant implications for the overall transmission rate of HIV-1 in the community. Here we use simple mathematical models to show that community treatment with antiviral drugs or immunotherapies that lengthen the incubation period of AIDS without significantly reducing the infectiousness of treated individuals, can increase the rate at which HIV-1 infection spreads (which is fairly obvious) and can even, under certain circumstances, increase the AIDS-related death rate in the community (which is less obvious).     

Detrimental effects of sanctions on human altruism

The existence of cooperation and social order among genetically unrelated individuals is a fundamental problem in the behavioural sciences. The prevailing approaches in biology and economics view cooperation exclusively as self-interested behaviour--unrelated individuals cooperate only if they face economic rewards or sanctions rendering cooperation a self-interested choice. Whether economic incentives are perceived as just or legitimate does not matter in these theories. Fairness-based altruism is, however, a powerful source of human cooperation. Here we show experimentally that the prevailing self-interest approach has serious shortcomings because it overlooks negative effects of sanctions on human altruism. Sanctions revealing selfish or greedy intentions destroy altruistic cooperation almost completely, whereas sanctions perceived as fair leave altruism intact. These findings challenge proximate and ultimate theories of human cooperation that neglect the distinction between fair and unfair sanctions, and they are probably relevant in all domains in which voluntary compliance matters--in relations between spouses, in the education of children, in business relations and organizations as well as in markets.     

高压辊磨对磁铁矿石磁选特性的影响

对弓长岭磁铁矿石的高压辊磨和颚式破碎产品分别进行阶段磨矿—阶段磁选—细筛再磨试验,分析了两种破碎方式对弓长岭磁铁矿石磨矿特性和磁选特性的影响。结果表明:高压辊磨工艺适宜的一段磨矿细度为-74μm含量占40%,颚式破碎工艺适宜的一段磨矿细度为-74μm含量占50%,两种破碎工艺适宜的二段磨矿细度均为-74μm含量占85%,最佳的细筛筛孔尺寸为50μm,三段磨矿细度为-45μm含量占80%。高压辊磨机碎磨分选工艺与颚式破碎机碎磨分选工艺相比,精矿品位相近,产率高0.52%,回收率高0.92%。     

激光冲击718镍铬合金残余应力场试验及有限元分析

为提高718镍铬合金的疲劳强度,采用Nd:Glass强脉冲激光对其表面进行冲击强化处理.经X射线应力仪测试冲击区的残余应力场,利用Abaqus有限元软件,以Johnson-Cook(JC)模型作为本构关系,对其残余应力场进行分析计算.通过试验结果与仿真分析的对比,说明激光冲击能形成残余压应力层、提高疲劳寿命,选择JC模型作为本构关系是可行的,但由于应变率的差异,必须对JC模型材料参数数值进行优化,才能取得较精确的结果,并从激光冲击次数对残余应力场的分析进一步加以验证.结果表明,所提的JC模型材料参数优化方法简单易行.     

SLAM (CDw150) is a cellular receptor for measles virus

Measles virus continues to be a major killer of children, claiming roughly one million lives a year. Measles virus infection causes profound immunosuppression, which makes measles patients susceptible to secondary infections accounting for high morbidity and mortality. The Edmonston strain of measles virus, and vaccine strains derived from it, use as a cellular receptor human CD46 (refs 3, 4), which is expressed on all nucleated cells; however, most clinical isolates of measles virus cannot use CD46 as a receptor. Here we show that human SLAM (signalling lymphocyte-activation molecule; also known as CDw150), a recently discovered membrane glycoprotein expressed on some T and B cells, is a cellular receptor for measles virus, including the Edmonston strain. Transfection with a human SLAM complementary DNA enables non-susceptible cell lines to bind measles virus, support measles virus replication and develop cytopathic effects. The distribution of SLAM on various cell lines is consistent with their susceptibility to clinical isolates of measles virus. The identification of SLAM as a receptor for measles virus opens the way to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of measles virus infection, especially the immunosuppression induced by measles virus.     

埃博拉病毒感染数量的一个数学模型

埃博拉病毒病(EVD)是严重的、往往致命的人类疾病,病死率高达90%.埃博拉病毒病疫情主要发生在中非和西非靠近热带雨林的边远村庄.该病毒通过野生动物传到人,并且通过人际间传播在人群中蔓延.病情严重的患者需要获得重症支持治疗,无论对人还是对动物都无可用的已获正式许可的特异性治疗办法或者疫苗.由于缺乏有效的治疗手段和人用疫苗,提高对感染埃博拉危险因素的认识以及个人可以采取一些保护措施,这是减少人类感染和死亡的唯一方法.本文建立一个埃博拉病毒的数学模型,对疫情进行实证分析;并且对疫情的发展也做了一个预测.     

Prevention of vaccinia virus infection in immunodeficient mice by vector-directed IL-2 expression

Recombinant vaccinia viruses have been proposed as live vaccines against a variety of infectious diseases, including AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). Objections have been concerned primarily with side effects of the vaccinia virus vector itself. Recently it has been shown that inactivation of the vaccinia virus thymidine kinase gene or deletion of certain other non-essential genes is associated with a marked reduction in pathogenicity. Nevertheless, the ability of vaccinia virus to produce a progressive infection in immunodeficient individuals remains a most serious problem. Indeed, an incident of this type in a vaccinated man seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus was recently reported. We have used immunodeficient athymic nude mice to establish a model of disseminated vaccinia virus infection, and to demonstrate a novel approach to virus attenuation which involves insertion of a gene encoding human interleukin-2 into the genome of vaccinia virus vectors.     

Circulating CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for HTLV-I pX in patients with HTLV-I associated neurological disease

The human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), the first human retrovirus to be characterized, is associated with adult T-cell leukaemia and a chronic progressive disease of the central nervous system termed tropical spastic paraparesis, or HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Only 1% of individuals infected with HTLV-I develop clinical disease however. The various manifestations of an HTLV-I infection may be related to differences in the genetic backgrounds of individuals, infection with variant strains of HTLV-I, differences in viral tropism or host immune response to the virus. Whereas the humoral response to HTLV-I is well characterized, little is known about the human cellular immune response, such as the production of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Here we report the presence of high levels of circulating HTLV-I-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in patients with HTLV-I associated neurological disease but not in HTLV-I seropositive individuals without neurological involvement. These cytotoxic T lymphocytes are CD8+, HLA class I- restricted and predominantly recognize the HTLV-I gene products encoded in the regulatory region pX. These findings suggest that HTLV-I-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes may contribute to the pathogenesis of associated neurological disorders associated with HTLV-I.