黑云母石英片岩巴西劈裂试验的破坏特征研究

为探究拉伸破坏条件下含片理结构岩石的各向异性,对不同加载角度的黑云母石英片岩开展巴西劈裂试验,并借助声发射技术,进行片岩破坏特征的理论和试验分析.结果表明:片岩的破坏规律为压密变形-弹性变形-瞬时破坏,具有典型的塑-弹性变形特征.依据裂纹形态,可分为中央直线劈裂、沿片理斜劈裂、弓形劈裂及沿片理弓形复杂劈裂4类破坏模式.通过分析加载线上各点的应力状态,不同角度下加载线上的点存在纯剪切、压剪和拉剪3种破坏机制.声发射特征参数各向异性显著,累计能量与角度呈"两边大、中间小"的变化规律.引入新参量"能率峰值比"对能率峰值和累计能量进行联合分析,22.5°岩样的能率峰值比最大,最小值则出现在45°,该参量可从能量角度定量地表征岩石破坏强烈程度.     

板岩单轴压缩各向异性力学特征

考虑岩石材料的各向异性,选用层理比较明显的板岩进行单轴压缩试验,分析力学参数的变化规律。研究结果表明:层理是板岩力学参数、强度特性及破裂模式呈现各向异性的重要原因;板岩单轴抗压强度和弹性模量均随层理面倾角的增大呈"U"型变化趋势,单轴抗压强度的各向异性比为2.8,属中级各向异性水平,试样变形模量的各向异性参数比为1.7;岩样整体泊松比随层理面倾角的增加而增大,但不同试样、相同位置的泊松比变化规律不同;岩样不同倾角的层理面是出现不同破裂模式的重要原因,0°试样形成贯穿层理面的张拉破坏,30°和45°试样基本沿层理面形成单一剪切破坏,70°试样由平行层理面的剪切和贯穿层理面的张拉组成复合破坏,90°试样形成沿层理的张拉劈裂破坏。     

各向异性花岗岩的力学参数及相关性

对花岗岩块及试样进行纵波速度测试、单轴压缩和巴西劈裂试验,确定材料的力学性质参数之间的关系。研究结果表明:花岗岩具有均匀、各向异性特征;岩石内裂隙面存在优势方向,沿其法向的纵波速度、抗拉强度及压缩弹性模量均较低,但单轴抗压强度未受其影响反而较高;另一方向的抗压强度因试样易于沿裂隙面劈裂而偏低,其他参数则较高,由此引起试样单轴抗压强度与弹性模量、纵波速度呈负相关性。     

炭质页岩力学特性各向异性及其破坏机制研究

以贵州松桃李家湾锰矿矿体顶板炭质页岩为研究对象,开展页理面与加载方向不同夹角条件下纵波波速、单轴压缩及电镜扫描等试验,并以最大值与最小值的比值定义各参量的各向异性系数.结果表明:①纵波波速随入射方向与页理面夹角α增大而减小,其各向异性系数R_v为1.44;弹性模量随加载方向与页理面夹角β增大而减小,其各向异性系数R_E为1.14;单轴抗压强度σ_(ucs)呈现出两头大中间小的"U"型特征,最小值在β为37°时取得,其各向异性系数R_σ为3.01.②不同β条件下,单轴压缩应力-应变曲线有起始压密和弹性压缩阶段,都具有明显的应变软化特征.③单轴压缩下,炭质页岩在β=0°时主要为拉破坏,页理面抗拉强度和基质体弯折拉断强度协同控制其力学特性;在β=32°时主要为沿页理面剪破坏,页理面抗剪强度控制其力学特性;在β=66°时主要为沿页理面和切断基质体的剪破坏,页理面和基质体的抗剪强度协同控制其力学特性;在β=90°时主要为拉破坏并含有少量沿页理面剪破坏,页理面抗剪强度和基质体抗拉强度协同控制其力学特性.     

新延安隧道层状页岩力学性能试验研究

为研究新延安隧道层状页岩的力学特性和破坏特征，分析层理面不同倾角对岩石力学参数的影响，本文分别进行了不同层理角度下的室内单轴压缩、三轴压缩和巴西劈裂试验及数值单轴压缩和三轴压缩试验。通过室内试验分析，峰值强度随倾角增加呈先减小后增大的趋势；抗压强度呈“U”型趋势，弹性模量呈“V”型变化。通过大量数值模拟试验拓展了室内试验范围并分别拟合了抗压强度和弹性模量随倾角变化关系式；围压的增大弱化了页岩各向异性，但随着围压的不断增大弱化程度减小；黏聚力对层状页岩强度的弱化程度远远大于内摩擦角；抗拉强度随倾角的增大逐渐减小；倾角不同层状页岩的破坏模式也不同，单轴压缩时，0°为张拉破坏，30°~60°时发生由弱面控制的沿层理面发生的剪切滑移破坏，90°时产生劈裂张拉破坏。三轴压缩时不同层理面倾角的页岩试件主要发生剪切破坏。     

片状岩石全应力应变压缩过程及力学机制试验研究

为了解片状岩石的全应力应变压缩过程及力学机制,利用RMT-150C岩石力学刚性伺服试验系统,对绿泥石片岩和云母石英片岩进行压缩力学试验.基于试验结果,得到岩石全应力应变压缩过程,提出峰前压密、线弹性、微裂隙稳态扩展和微裂隙不稳态扩展4个变形阶段以及峰后应变软化、残余应力稳定两个变形阶段,分析岩石在各阶段的强度变形特性以及体应变、横向应变和轴向应变之间的关系;详细探讨压缩条件下水对试样物理力学性质的影响规律,重点对比峰值强度、弹性(变形)模量等指标的敏感程度和围压效应;并揭示片状岩石在压缩状态下的破裂模式,将整个破坏过程分为单一剪切破裂、鼓状破裂、Y字形破裂及平行劈裂4种形式.     

含不同倾角裂隙类岩石试件力学参数试验研究

基于相似原理,制备出含不同角度裂隙类岩石试件及完整试件,分别对试件进行单轴压缩试验,测出其单轴峰值强度、弹性模量和泊松比;通过巴西劈裂法,测得含不同角度裂隙的试件及完整试件的抗拉强度;通过进行三轴压缩破坏试验,测出其三轴峰值强度,并结合单轴峰值强度,画出裂隙试件及完整试件的莫尔应力圆,从而计算出它们的内摩擦角、内聚力,然后分析这些力学参数的变化规律。     

不同角度层理煤样的力学特征与其波速关联性分析

煤样中层理等较大尺度裂隙的分布对其力学性质影响显著。为明晰不同层理角度煤样各项物理力学参量间相互关系,首先按照不同层理角度分组加工煤样试件,然后测试完整煤样波速,并利用MTS815型岩石伺服刚性试验系统完成单轴实验,获得煤样各项力学参量,分析不同层理角度煤样各物理量间关联性。研究表明,煤体力学和声学特征各向异性突出:水平层理煤样强度约为其他2组煤样2倍,斜交层理煤样弹性模量及变形模量小于其他2组且离散性最大;随层理与煤样轴线夹角增大波速呈降低趋势,超声波在竖直层理煤样中传播最快,离散性也最高。对于同一层理角度煤样,强度、弹性模量及变形模量等力学参数与波速具有良好线性相关性,表明可以利用超声无损探测技术反演煤岩力学参数。     

加载速率对含预制锯齿状结构面类岩石试件力学性质的影响研究

采用RMT-150B岩石力学电液刚性伺服控制试验系统对含预制锯齿状结构面类岩石试件进行了单轴压缩试验,包括4级不同的加载速率,定量地分析了加载速率对峰值强度及加载速率对应变等物理力学性态的影响。结果表明,在静态加载速率下,含预制锯齿状结构面类岩石试件的峰值强度与加载速率呈非线性正相关,峰值强度以及对应的应变值与加载速率呈非线性负相关,破坏形式为沿结构面滑动剪切啃断式破坏,锯齿啃断面积基本随应变速率增大而增加。     

基于声发射实验层状砂岩力学特性及破坏机理

为了探究层理面影响下砂岩力学特性和破坏机理,采用声发射技术,开展砂岩单轴和巴西劈裂试验,研究砂岩拉压强度分布规律、应力-应变关系、破坏形式与声发射之间的关系。研究结果表明:随着层理角度从0°增加至90°,砂岩单轴抗压强度先减小再增大,呈U型分布,而劈裂拉伸强度呈增大趋势;砂岩在单轴和劈裂试验下应力-应变曲线具有明显的各向异性;在单轴试验下,当层理角度为0°,15°,75°和90°时,砂岩破坏形式为压缩破坏,当层理角度为30°,45°和60°时,砂岩破坏形式为沿弱面剪切破坏;在劈裂试验下,圆盘均沿着中心起裂破坏形式为拉伸破坏;随着层理角度从0°增加至90°,在单轴和劈裂试验下,裂纹发展所对应的轴向应变率降低,裂纹贯通困难,破坏所需峰值应力增大;峰值应力越大,对应的声发射能量率越大。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-