Complicated phenomena of the Beichuan-Yingxiu surface fracture zone during Wenchuan <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis>s8.0 earthquake in Sichuan Province,China

After Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake, the surface fractures have been investigated in Beichuan City and Yingxiu Town. It was found that the Beichuan-Yingxiu earthquake fracture zone trends northeastward, dipping to northwest. The earthquake fracture zone is mainly characterized by thrust faulting with small amounts of strike-slip movement, and demonstrating various complexities for different areas. The phenomena related to dextral strike-slip displacement are found in Beichuan City and those related to left-lateral strike-slip movement in Yingxiu Town. The compressive shortening of the two surface fracture zones in Beichuan City is 2.8-3.9 m and the left-lateral strike-slip displacement of the surface fractures in Yingxiu Town is 0.52 m.     

Spatiotemporal characteristics of the energy radiation sources of the three great earthquakes near Sumatra Island in September 2007

Three strong earthquakes with magnitudes of Mw 8.4, Mw 7.9 and Mw 7.0 occurred in the sea west of Sumatra Island on September 12 and 13, 2007. We relocated the epicenters and focal depths of the three events by means of the reversal-time imaging technique using broadband digital seismic data from worldwide stations ranging from 30° to 90°, imaged the spatiotemporal variation of the energy radiation sources by means of the nonplane wave array technique using the broadband digital seismic data from a generalized array made up of 33 stations of the Capital Region Digital Seismograph Network （CRDSN）, and obtained the rupture duration times, extents and rupture velocities. Also, we discussed the correlations between the locations of the energy radiation sources of the three events.     

Three-dimensional crustal velocity structure of P-wave in East China from wide-angle reflection and refraction surveys

The 3-D crustal structure of P-wave velocity in East China is studied based on the data obtained by wide-angle seismic reflection and refraction surveys.The results suggest that a deep Moho disconti-nuity exists in the western zone of the study region,being 35―48 thick.High-velocity structure zones exist in the upper crust shallower than 20 km beneath the Sulu and Dabie regions.The cause of high-velocity zones is attributable to high-pressure metamorphic(HPM) and ultra-high-pressure metamorphic(UHPM) terran...     

Rupture process of the Wenchuan <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis>8.0 earthquake of Sichuan China: the segmentation feature

Moment tensor solution, rupture process and rupture characteristics of the great Wenchuan M8.0 earthquake are studied by using 39 long-period P and SH waveforms with evenly azimuth coverage of stations. Our results reveal that the Wenchuan M8.0 event consisted of 5 sub-events of Mw≥7.3 occurring succesively in time and space. Rupture started with a Mw7.3 introductory strike-slip faulting in the first 12 s, then within 12?40 s, two sub-events with Mw7.6 and Mw7.4 occurred within 80 km northeast from the init...     

Statistic characteristics of severe convective storm during Warm-Season in the Beijing-Tianjin region and its vicinity

This study analyzed the climatological characteristics of severe convective storms in the Beijing and Tianjin region and its vicinity based on the Doppler radar data of Tanggu during May-August of 2003-2007. The climatological characteristics, e.g. storm area, volume, top height, max reflectivity, life time and motion, are analyzed. The results include： 75% of all storms in the Beijing-Tianjin region last no more than 30 minutes, and most storms have a volume less than 400 kin3; most storms move from southwest to northeast while the speed is between 10-30 km/h; the mean storm top height is about 6 km, but some strong convective storms can have a top height larger than 15 kin; finally, storm area and volume have a similar geographical distribution character showing increasing trends from west to east. Compared with the statistic results based on the conventional surface meteorological observations, the results based on the radar data can present not only 3D spatial statistic results of convective storms （e.g., volume and top height）, but also the quantitative climatological characteristics, such as the lifetime and speed distributions. These statistical results are useful for studying the climatic characteristics of convective storms in the Beijing-Tianjin region and its vicinity.     

全球大地震破裂空间复杂度特征研究

基于有限断层反演得到的滑移数据, 用独立滑移单元的数量表征地震破裂复杂度, 据此对大地震破裂进行分组, 并研究破裂复杂度与主要震源参数之间的关系, 探讨破裂复杂度的全球及区域空间分布特征。结果表明, 矩震级很大(Mw ≥ 8.5)的事件, 地震破裂复杂度更大; 破裂复杂度较高的地震分布在浅层地壳(≤ 30 km)内的概率最大, 随着震源深度增加, 破裂复杂度对震源深度的敏感性逐渐消失; 走滑断层机制占比较大的事件, 破裂复杂度较高; 破裂复杂度与地震能矩比没有明确的关系; 破裂复杂度的空间分布特征与区域地质构造环境相关。破裂复杂度的空间分布特征可以分为3类, 第一类是板块之间简单碰撞产生的俯冲带, 板块交界处的滑动速率和方向较为一致, 这种情形下以比较简单的事件类型为主; 第二类是多板块交界处, 或者板块交界处的滑动速率和方向在整个区域内存在差异; 第三类是大陆内部的强烈挤压地带。与第一类空间分布特征相比, 第二类和第三类情形下破裂复杂度相对更高。地震破裂复杂度可以在一定程度上反映区域应力场的复杂性。     

The program structure designing and optimizing tests of GRAPES physics

According to the modularization and standardization of program structure in Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System （GRAPES）, the plug-compatible and transplantable regional meso-scale and global middle-range physics software package is established. The package＇s component integrality is comparative with the other advanced models physics. A three-level structure of connecting GRAPES physics and dynamic frame has been constructed. The friendly interface is designed for users to plug in their own physics packages. Phenomenon of grid-point storm rainfall in numerical prediction is analyzed with the numerical tests. The scheme of air vertical velocity calculation is improved. Opti- mizing tests of physics schemes are performed with the correlative parameters adjusting. The results show that the false grid-point storm rainfall is removed by precipitation scheme improving. Then the score of precipitation forecast is enhanced.     

On the development of the GRAPES——A new generation of the national operational NWP system in China

Numerical weather prediction （NWP） has become one of the most important means for weather forecasts in the world. It also mirrors a nation＇s comprehensive strength in meteorology. In 2000, China Meteorological Administration （CMA） established the National Innovative Base for Meteorological Numerical Prediction in the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences （CAMS）, to work on developing a new generation of the national operational NWP system-Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System （GRAPES）, to enhance meteorological services in China in the new century. In recent years, the GRAPES has witnessed a fast development. The GRAPES has been set up as an integration of the model framework, data assimilation, regional and global NWP system, which can be commonly used for both operation and research. In this paper, a brief review is made for illustrating the GRAPES system, including the advanced designs of the GRAPES, its diverse applications in multi-fields, and efficiencies of the regional and global GRAPES in operational applications based on hindcast results.     

The M S7.1 Yushu earthquake surface rupture and large historical earthquakes on the Garzê-Yushu Fault

As revealed by field investigations, the co-seismic surface rupture zone of the 2010 M_S7.1 Yushu earthquake, Qinghai is a char-acteristic sinistral strike-slip feature consisting of three distinct sinistral primary ruptures, with an overall strike of 310°–320° and a total length of 31 km. In addition, an approximately 2-km-long en-echelon tensile fissure zone was found east of Longbao Town; if this site is taken as the north end of the rupture zone, then the rupture had a total length of ~51 km. The surface rupture zone is composed of a series of fissures arranged in an en-echelon or alternating relationship between compressive bulges and tensile fissures, with a measured maximum horizontal displacement of 1.8 m. The surface rupture zone extends along the mapped Garzê-Yushu Fault, which implicates it as the seismogenic fault for this earthquake. Historically, a few earthquakes with a magnitude of about 7 have occurred along the fault, and additionally traces of paleoearthquakes are evident that characterize the short-period recurrence interval of large earthquakes here. Similar to the seismogenic process of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, the Yushu earthquake is also due to the stress accumulation and release on the block boundaries resulting from the eastward expansion of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, in contrast with the Wenchuan earthquake, the Yushu earthquake had a sinistral strike-slip mechanism resulting from the uneven eastward extrusion of the Baryan Har and Sichuan-Yunnan fault blocks.     

汶川地震序列震源机制解研究

利用2008年5月12日至8月7日包括国家地震台网、 地方区域地震台网和流动地震台网在内的1023个地震台站及IRIS台站的数字地震波形记录资料, 读取P波初动极性, 并采用改进的格点尝试法对汶川地震序列震源机制解进行求解, 给出121个4.0级以上质量可靠的震源机制解。根据求解结果发现: 汶川Ms 8.0级主震P波初动解为纯逆冲型; 汶川余震序列震源机制解绝大部分是逆冲型或走滑型地震, 并具有分段分布特征; 其P轴方位有两个优势分布方向: 北西西?南东东向和北东东?南西西向。     

穿越走滑断层埋地管道应变特性的试验研究

穿越断层的埋地管道在地震等外力作用下会发生屈曲、断裂等破坏,研究走滑断层作用下埋地管道的应变特性,对管道工程的设计和防护等具有重要意义.借助前期设计的场地变形组合试验装置,针对走滑断层的作用特点,模拟穿越此断层的埋地管道受力情况,测得随断层错动管道的应变分布及管道周边土体压力变化,分析管径变化对应变和管周土压力的影响,得出管道变形区域的范围.试验结果表明:断层面附近的管道在断层走滑错动过程中受到轴向拉力或压力的作用,其变形沿断层面与管道交点近似呈中心对称;距离断层较远的管道随土体一起运动,不会产生变形,即管道变形在断层附近的一定区域内;管径越大,受断层运动影响的管道变形区域越小;随断层错动位移量的增大,断层附近管道周围土压力和管道的轴向应变都增大,且随管道直径的增大管周土压力和轴向应变减少.     

鄂尔多斯盆地现今地应力测量及其在油气开发中的应用

油气田开发中实施水力压裂措施、部署和优化注采井网必须考虑现今地应力方向、大小及其分布规律.通过岩石声发射法、钻孔井臂崩落法、古地磁定向岩石差应变法以及岩石压缩等实验方法,测定了鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡区现今主应力大小和方向,并以吴旗探区为例,讨论了现今地应力在油气开发中的初步应用.认为伊陕斜坡区不同深度砂岩的现今最大水平主应力(δ1)值介于20.3～60.01MPa之间,与深度线性相关性好,相关系数=0.952;现今最大水平主应力方向为NE-NEE-近EW向,由盆地西南(西)向东北(东)方向逐步偏转变大.在现今应力状态下,吴旗探区中生界延长组长6储层NNE-NEE向裂缝系统在水力压裂过程中将首先启动张开并连通,最先形成有效主渗流通道,随着外界流体压力逐步增大,NW及NWW向裂缝系统可成为次级渗流通道;同时认为长61储层人工裂缝扩展方位约为NE-SW向,压裂缝为沿最大水平主应力方向延伸的垂直裂缝,且井孔相对稳定.     

小江断裂带及其周边地区构造应力场特征

 应用Snoke方法计算了2000—2009年发生在小江断裂带及其周边地区的55个中小地震震源机制解.根据震源机制解分析,该区震源错动类型主要为走滑型,其次是逆断型,与小江断裂左旋走滑运动相符.整个区域主要受到近水平的北北西—南南东向挤压,自北向南主压应力轴方位从南东转为南南东,与川滇菱形块体沿南东—南南东向的走滑和旋转运动相一致.另外,构造应力方向在0~20 km内有从北西西转为北北西的趋势,考虑力轴仰角无明显变化,认为构造应力在此深度内是相对连续的.     

构造地质

研究区正置ＮＥ向牟平──即墨断裂带上，褶皱复杂，断裂十分发育。ＮＥ向深断裂控制了区内４个花岗岩体分布；ＮＥ向及Ｅ—Ｗ向深断裂控制了中生代盆地展布。胶东群变质岩，元古代重熔花岗岩及交代花岗岩内的ＮＮ向、ＮＮＥ向相关剪切带中发育的蚀变糜棱岩化花岗岩带或断裂空间，是蚀变岩型金矿化及石英脉型金—银矿化的定位空间。Ｅ—Ｗ向深断裂旁侧的产于Ｋ１Ｌ１含炭岩系中先挤压后扭张的构造空间是新类型金矿产出空间。     

Slip rate along the Lijiang-Ninglang fault zone estimated from repeating microearthquakes

Seismicity and slip rates along the Lijiang-Ninglang fault zone between 1999 and 2006 were investigated with the waveform data recorded by the Yunnan digital Seismic Network. The relocated seismicity by the double difference method clearly exhibits different features between the northern and southern segments. More than 76% earthquakes occurred in the southern segment of the fault near the Lijiang area. The relocated seismicity appears to reflect the crustal velocity structure of the study area. Using cross-correlation analysis, we identified a total of 92 doublets and 70 multiplets that show high waveform similarity. Most of these sequences are aperiodic with recurrence intervals varying from a few minutes to hundreds of days. Using two sequences that occurred regularly over the study period, we obtained a fault slip rate of approximately 5 mm/a at ∼23 km, in good agreement with geologic and surface GPS measurement. Supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2004CB418405) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40174014)     

阿尔金山走滑断裂构造样式

该文认为,阿尔金山走滑断裂构造是一巨型左行左列走滑断裂兼逆冲推覆和韧性剪切性质的断裂构造带。走滑断裂带叠覆区发育拉分盆地。走滑断裂带旁侧拉张区形成火山岩带、拉张盆地及相应的弧形构造;挤压区形成弧形构造及相应的挤压-拉张盆地。中新生代以来,走滑断裂带最大水平位移量为550km。     

Rupture of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake inferred from direct P-wave imaging

The Sumatra-Andaman earthquake on December 26, 2004 is the first well recorded gigantic earthquake (moment magnitude MW 9.3) by modern broadband seismic and Global Positioning System networks. The rich seismic and geodetic recordings have documented unprecedented details about the earthquake rupture, coseismic and postseismic deformations. This is a report of detailed images of the rupture process using the first-arriving compressional waves recorded by the China National Digital Seismic Network (CNDSN). An improved imaging condition was employed to account for the sparse distribution of the CNDSN stations. The resulting images are consistent with the major rupture features reported by previous seismic and geodetic studies. It is found that the earthquake rupture initiated at offshore of northwestern Sumatra and propagated in the north northwest direction at a speed of 2.7 ± 0.2 km/s. The rupture continued for at least 420 s and extended about 1200-1300 km along the Andaman trough with two bursts of seismic energy.     

黄河故道与新乡方言

古黄河纵贯新乡地区,把新乡切割成西北、东南两大块。西部山西移民多,以晋语为主;东部人口则以河南官话为主。黄河迁徙后,中间故道便成为两边语言的融合带、过渡带,也成为新乡方言入声和尖团音的分界线。     

A BAC clone of MDV strain GX0101 with REV-LTR integration retained its pathogenicity

The complete genome of Marek＇s disease virus （MDV） strain GX0101, which was integrated with the LTR sequences of REV, was cloned in Escherichia coli as a bacterial artificial chromosome （BAC）. BAC vector sequences were introduced into the US2 locus of the MDV genome by homologous recombination. The viral DNA containing the BAC vector was used to transform Escherichia coli strain of DH10B. Then the recombinant virus was successfully rescued by transfection of the recombinant BAC DNA into primary chicken embryo fibroblast （CEF）. This BAC viral clone was named bac-GX0101. When the reconstituted virus was inoculated into 1-day-old birds, visceral tumors could be detected as early as 62 d post infection. There was no difference in growth ability and pathogenicity to birds between the BAC derived virus and its parental virus. The BAC derived virus maintained its oncogenicity and immunosuppressive effects. In conclusion, the complete genome of GX0101 strain was successfully cloned into BAC and the infectious clone was rescued. With the powerful BAC manipulation system, the infectious clone will provide a useful tool for further understanding the functional roles of the inserted REV-LTR sequence in the GX0101 strain of MDV,     

新疆油田七东1区克下组地应力特征及人工裂缝延伸方向*

新疆油田七东1区克下组在压裂施工过程中,通过微地震监测存在水平裂缝的可能。利用凯瑟尔实验测定该区块水平地应力大小及构造应力系数,建立了该区块组合弹簧模型的地应力计算模型,利用测井资料分析了七东1区地应力分布规律。分析结果表明:七东1区地应力状态存在明显的分界线,分界线大致为东北-西南走向;区块西北部最小水平主应力大于垂直主应力,处于逆断层应力状态;区块东南部最小水平主应力小于垂直主应力,处于正断层应力状态,中间存在走滑断层应力状态过渡带;因此压裂裂缝形态具有明显的区域性分布,即东南部为垂直裂缝,西北部压裂形成水平裂缝。分析结果与水力裂缝形态的分布规律一致。该地区存在水平裂缝的新认识,将对压裂工艺的改进及提高小层动用程度具有重大意义。