Cloning,Sequencing and Phylogenetic Study of rbcL Gene from Cyanobacteria Arthrospira and Spirulina

Large subunit gene of rubisco (rbcL) of cyanobacteria Arthrospiraplatensis FACHB341, A. platensis FACHB439, A. maxima OUQDSM and Spirulina sp. FACHB440 is cloned, sequenced and characterized. Results show that GC content of the gene in strain Spirulina sp. FACHB440 is higher than that in the others. The alignments based on deduced amino acid sequences indicate that Spirulina sp. FACHB440 is different from that in other three samples of Arthrospira, though they have the same conserved functional sites (95, 98, 121, 124, 221, 257). The nucleotide sequence similarity among the three strains of the genus of Arthrospira (96.5 - 99.6% ) is higher than that between Arthrospira and Spindina (78.1 - 78.5 % ). By comparison of the corresponding sequence of other cyanobacteria, a phylogenetic tree with two clusters is constructed. A. platensis FACHB341, A. maxima OUQDSM and A.platensis FACHB439 form the monophyletic linage, which is fully supported by bootstrap values (1000), while Spirulina sp. FACHB440 and Anabaena sp. PCC7120 cluster in another linage with the bootstrapvalue of 909.     

Structural basis for a [4Fe-3S] cluster in the oxygen-tolerant membrane-bound [NiFe]-hydrogenase

Membrane-bound respiratory [NiFe]-hydrogenase (MBH), a H(2)-uptake enzyme found in the periplasmic space of bacteria, catalyses the oxidation of dihydrogen: H(2)?→?2H(+)?+?2e(-) (ref. 1). In contrast to the well-studied O(2)-sensitive [NiFe]-hydrogenases (referred to as the standard enzymes), MBH has an O(2)-tolerant H(2) oxidation activity; however, the mechanism of O(2) tolerance is unclear. Here we report the crystal structures of Hydrogenovibrio marinus MBH in three different redox conditions at resolutions between 1.18 and 1.32??. We find that the proximal iron-sulphur (Fe-S) cluster of MBH has a [4Fe-3S] structure coordinated by six cysteine residues--in contrast to the [4Fe-4S] cubane structure coordinated by four cysteine residues found in the proximal Fe-S cluster of the standard enzymes--and that an amide nitrogen of the polypeptide backbone is deprotonated and additionally coordinates the cluster when chemically oxidized, thus stabilizing the superoxidized state of the cluster. The structure of MBH is very similar to that of the O(2)-sensitive standard enzymes except for the proximal Fe-S cluster. Our results give a reasonable explanation why the O(2) tolerance of MBH is attributable to the unique proximal Fe-S cluster; we propose that the cluster is not only a component of the electron transfer for the catalytic cycle, but that it also donates two electrons and one proton crucial for the appropriate reduction of O(2) in preventing the formation of an unready, inactive state of the enzyme.     

高效热不对称交互式PCR技术克隆地黄基因

利用高效热不对称交互式PCR(hiTAIL-PCR)技术从地黄基因组中扩增出3个DNA片段,经过电泳检测、回收、纯化和测序获得2个片段的碱基序列.其中一个由578个bp组成,包含一个453bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码151个氨基酸,与一些已知纤维素合酶基因在DNA水平和氨基酸水平的同源性分别高达81%~91%和83%~99%,而且推测蛋白质具有纤维素合酶的结构域;另一个由385个bp组成,没有ORF,不编码蛋白质,但是,预测其包含启动子元件.这些结果表明使用hiTAIL-PCR技术可以克隆地黄基因,克隆的基因将为地黄基因分子作用机制和分子育种研究奠定基础.     

家猪BMP-2、BMP-3基因克隆及其组织表达探究

本研究以长白猪(Landrace)肺cDNA为模板,扩增获得猪骨形态发生蛋白BMP-2和BMP-3基因的cDNA全长.BMP-2基因cDNA全长为1742bp,编码395个氨基酸的前体蛋白,与人、牛、绵羊、大鼠、小鼠等的BMP-2基因的氨基酸序列一致性分别94.18%,95.4%,95.2%,90.3%,90.60%;BMP-3基因cDNA全长为1639bp,编码475个氨基酸的前体蛋白,猪与人、牛、绵羊、大鼠、小鼠等的BMP-3氨基酸序列的一致性分别是84.7%、87.7%、82.3%、80.4%、79.5%.采用RT-PCR方法,对BMP-2、3基因在家猪主要组织的表达进行探究.结果显示:BMP-2在所有组织中均有表达;而BMP-3在脑、肺、小肠中表达量较高,其他组织中表达量弱.     

扬子鳄DMRT1基因DM保守区的克隆及序列分析

DMRT1基因是DMRT基因家族的一个重要成员,在动物性别决定过程中发挥重要作用.本文参照人DMRT1基因DM保守区及有关文献,设计了一对简并引物,扩增了扬子鳄的DMRT1基因,并对扩增产物进行了亚克隆与测序.结果在雌雄扬子鳄个体中各获得一个预期的基因片段,长度为140bp,序列无性别差异性,命名为扬子鳄AsDMRT1基因.序列同源性分析表明,扬子鳄DMRT1基因DM盒区核苷酸序列与人和鼠相应基因的同源性分别为87%、86%;编码的氨基酸序列与人和鼠相应基因编码序列的同源性分别为95%、97%.充分显示了DMRT1基因在进化上的高度保守性.     

猪Klf4、Klf5和Egr2基因内含子的克隆及进化分析

从猪肝脏提取基因组作为模板,分别扩增了Klf4、Klf5和Egr2的第3、第2和第1内含子,长度分别为916、1027和1342bp,并通过其两端连接的部分外显子序列与Genbank序列比对加以确认,并和人相应基因内含子作长度和序列同源性比较。结果表明,由内含子比对得出的这些基因在人和猪间的保守程度与这些基因在氨基酸水平上比对得出的保守程度相一致。     

The crystal structure of an oxygen-tolerant hydrogenase uncovers a novel iron-sulphur centre

Hydrogenases are abundant enzymes that catalyse the reversible interconversion of H(2) into protons and electrons at high rates. Those hydrogenases maintaining their activity in the presence of O(2) are considered to be central to H(2)-based technologies, such as enzymatic fuel cells and for light-driven H(2) production. Despite comprehensive genetic, biochemical, electrochemical and spectroscopic investigations, the molecular background allowing a structural interpretation of how the catalytic centre is protected from irreversible inactivation by O(2) has remained unclear. Here we present the crystal structure of an O(2)-tolerant [NiFe]-hydrogenase from the aerobic H(2) oxidizer Ralstonia eutropha H16 at 1.5?? resolution. The heterodimeric enzyme consists of a large subunit harbouring the catalytic centre in the H(2)-reduced state and a small subunit containing an electron relay consisting of three different iron-sulphur clusters. The cluster proximal to the active site displays an unprecedented [4Fe-3S] structure and is coordinated by six cysteines. According to the current model, this cofactor operates as an electronic switch depending on the nature of the gas molecule approaching the active site. It serves as an electron acceptor in the course of H(2) oxidation and as an electron-delivering device upon O(2) attack at the active site. This dual function is supported by the capability of the novel iron-sulphur cluster to adopt three redox states at physiological redox potentials. The second structural feature is a network of extended water cavities that may act as a channel facilitating the removal of water produced at the [NiFe] active site. These discoveries will have an impact on the design of biological and chemical H(2)-converting catalysts that are capable of cycling H(2) in air.     

蒙古鮊ob基因的克隆与组织表达特异性的初步研究

根据已知的人和鼠ob基因序列设计引物,通过运用RT-PCR技术首次从蒙古鮊脂肪组织的RNA中扩增获得ob基因片段,并经序列分析证实为ob基因编码区438 bp的序列.不同物种同源性比较表明ob基因序列具有很高的保守性:蒙古鮊与人、猪和鼠的ob基因核苷酸编码序列的同源性分别为82.9%、84.0%和99.1%;蒙古鮊ob基因编码的蛋白leptin氨基酸序列与人、猪和鼠氨基酸同源性分别为80.8%、78.8%和95.9%.用RT-PCR技术分析组织ob基因的表达特异性,结果表明:ob基因在脂肪和肝脏组织中的表达量最大,在心脏、脾脏、肌肉、脑、卵巢中的表达量次之,在肾脏中仅微量表达,而在精巢和肠道组织中则不表达.     

大螺旋藻氨基酸成分的研究

通过对大螺旋藻的游离氨基酸和全氨基酸的组成成分分析表明大螺旋藻有较高的氨基酸营养，全氨基酸成分与极大螺旋藻及钝顶螺旋藻的成分很相似．因此大螺旋藻与极大螺旋藻、钝顶螺旋藻同样，可被开发利用．     

Nucleotide sequence of polyhedrin gene of LsNPV and analysis of baculovirus polyhedron proteins

The intact 741 bp polyhedrin gene of LsNPV was sequenced by Silver, Sequencing System, and shares 90.6% and 97.0% nucleotide identity, 97.2% and 97.6% amino acid identity with PfNPV and MdNPV polh genes respectively. The 14 bp conservative sequence with the core element GTAAG, is located in the 5′untranslated region of the gene. The polh gene was predicted to encodes a 246 amino acid residures with molecular weight of 29.0 kd, in which the number of acidic amino acids and alkaline amino acids was roughly equal resulting in almost no charges in polyhedrin protein molecule and hence occlusion body. It gives a valuable implication that ionic bonds as well as hydrophobic bonds and hydrogen bond may play an important role in the crystallization of polyhedrin, by comparing amino acid variation of twenty—one polyhedrin. The comparsion of promoter regions of polyhedrin gene and class II gene shown that they are very similar, but also have differences in GC content. This could explain that both categories of gene are highly expressed, and polyhedrin genes are expressed more higher than class II gene. Wang Jiawang: born in 1962, Doctor of science. Present address: Cancer Institute, CAMS, Beijing 100005     

螺旋藻的磁处理培养

就磁场处理技术对螺旋藻培养过程的强化进行了研究，发现螺旋藻的培养能明显地被适当的磁场处理所刺激，在强度为200－320kA/m的外加磁场作用下培养至第6天，螺旋藻最大细胞干重达2.76g/L,比同等条件下的空白对照试样多46．8％，其比生长率由0.4d^-1增至0.6d^-1，培养周期可缩短2－3d,同时，螺旋藻中蛋白质的含量增加了5.2mg/g，氨基酸总含量（除色氨酸外）增加了0.71mg/g，其中必需氨基酸增加了3.15mg/g，此外，微量元素Sr,Ni,Cu,Mn和Zn等均有显著增加，其中Sr和Ni分别增加了22.3和5．1倍，文中最后讨论了磁场处理对螺旋藻培养的强化机制，指出这种刺激作用与磁场处理加速了螺旋藻的光合作用和强化了其营养吸收有关。     

牛结核分枝杆菌PstS3基因克隆与序列分析

以牛结核分枝杆菌（Mycobacterium bovis）基因组DNA为模板,克隆PstS3基因,并进行序列测定,然后利用生物信息学软件对其序列进行分析.结果显示,PstS3基因全长1 113 bp,编码370个氨基酸,与GenBank所发表的人结核分枝杆菌PstS3基因的核苷酸同源性为99.82%,氨基酸同源性为99.4%,有1处位点发生有义突变.     

味精废水中粘红酵母和螺旋藻混合培养生产油脂

研究了在味精废水中混合培养粘红酵母和钝顶螺旋藻，并生产油脂。将COD（化学需氧量）为32000mg/L的味精废水稀释5倍，pH值调节到5.5，接种10%粘红酵母，培养3d后接种10%螺旋藻。培养5d后，COD降解率为70.3%，油脂产量为216mg/L，分别是粘红酵母单独培养的1.75倍和5.42倍，螺旋藻单独培养的2.36倍和7.64倍。混合培养也利于废水中NH₄⁺-N、还原糖以及谷氨酸的去除。     

Cloning and sequence analysis of a gene encoding polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein from cotton

Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIP) play important roles in plant defense of pathogen, especially fungi. A pair of degenerated primers is designed based on the conserved sequence of 20 other known pgip genes and used to amplify Gossypium barbadense cultivation 7124 cDNA library by touch-down PCR. A 561 bp internal fragment of the pgip gene is obtained and used to design the primers for rapid amplification of cDNA ends. A composite pgip gene sequence is constructed from the products of 5′ and 3′ RACE, which are 666 bp and 906 bp respectively. Analysis of nucleic acid sequence shows 69.2% and 68.7% similarity to Citrus and Poncirus pgip genes, respectively. Its open reading frame of the gene encodes a polypeptide of 330 amino acids, in which 10 leucine-rich repeats arrange tandemly. A new set of primers is designed to the 5′ and 3′ ends of the gene, which allows amplification of the full-length gene from the cotton cDNA library. Genomic DNA analysis reveals that this gene has no intron.     

山羊INHA和INHBA基因的cDNA克隆、序列分析及组织表达研究

分别提取处于同一发情周期的5只低繁藏山羊和5只高繁金堂黑山羊的卵巢、垂体的总RNA,并通过RT-PCR技术对INHA、INHBA基因cDNA进行克隆、序列分析,以Real-time PCR技术对其进行组织表达研究.结果表明:藏山羊和金堂黑山羊INHA基因编码区均长1083bp,编码360个氨基酸,两品种基因编码区有7处碱基不同,并导致3处氨基酸的差异;INHBA基因编码区均长1278bp,编码425个氨基酸,两品种基因编码区有4处碱基不同,并导致1处氨基酸的差异.藏山羊INHA基因编码区核苷酸序列与金堂黑山羊、绵羊、牛、野猪、小鼠、褐家鼠、人的同源性分别为:99.4%、98.9%、95.8%、88.6%、81.0%、79.5%和84.8%;藏山羊INHBA基因编码区核苷酸序列与金堂黑山羊、绵羊、牛、野猪、小鼠、褐家鼠、人的同源性分别为:99.7%、99.4%、98.1%、91.7%、88.0%、88.5%和91.2%.INHA和INHBA基因mRNA在两个山羊品种的卵巢、垂体中均有表达,但两品种间无显著性差异(P0.05).说明INHA和INHBA基因在动物进化中比较保守,与山羊多羔性状的相关性有待进一步研究.     

王锦蛇(Elaphe carinata)Sox基因保守区的克隆及测序

参照人SRY基因HMG-box保守区序列设计一对兼并引物,PCR扩增了王锦蛇的Sox基因,采用SSCP技术筛选阳性克隆,并对其进行了测序.结果在雌雄个体中共筛选出4个Sox基因,其中一个为雌性独有,显示出性别差异性;4个Sox基因DNA序列及编码的氨基酸序列与人相应SOX基因的相似性分别为91%、91%、92%、91%和96%、98%、96%、96%,显示出高度的保守性.实验结果为王锦蛇的性别决定机制研究提供了分子资料.     

猪Akt1、Akt2基因克隆与组织表达图谱分析

为了得到长白猪蛋白激酶Akt1和Akt2基因序列并分析其表达模式,本研究使用RT-PCR方法,首先克隆了蛋白激酶Akt1和Akt2的cDNA.序列分析显示:长白猪Akt1基因的cDNA全长1461bp,编码具480个氨基酸残基的前体蛋白,其氨基酸序列与人,牛,大鼠,小鼠同源性达到97%以上.长白猪Akt2基因cDNA全长为1505bp,编码具481个氨基酸残基的前体蛋白,其氨基酸序列与人,牛,大鼠,小鼠的同源性高达97%以上.SMART分析表明,猪Akt1和Akt2蛋白均包含了与PI-3K结合的PH结构域及2个具有丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶催化活性的S_TKc结构域.RT-PCR检测结果显示:Akt1mRNA在垂体、心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肌肉组织中高表达,在大脑、小脑、肾脏表达丰度较低.Akt2则在小脑、垂体、心脏、肝脏、脾脏和肌肉组织中高表达,而在大脑和肾脏中表达丰度较低.     

Analysis of intron sequence variability of the conservative HMG-box of Sox9 genes in allotetraploids and their original parents

The Sox genes of allotetraploids and their original maternal red crucian carp （Carassius caassius red var.） and original paternal common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were detected by PCR with the designed primers based on the conserved HMG-box sequence in different species. Sequencing of Sox genes indicated that two Sox9 genes (Atsox9a and Atsox9b) existed in allotetraploids, while only one Sox9 gene existed in red crucian carp (Rcsox9a) and common carp (Ccsox9b). All of the four Sox9 genes contained an intron in the HMG-box, with the sizes of 413 bp, 703 bp, 401 bp and 714 bp, respectively. Moreover, the introns obeyed the rule of “GT-AG”. A high similarity was observed between introns of Atsox9a and Rcsox9a (94.4%), Atsox9b and Ccsox9b (97.8%). Interestingly, the deduced amino acid sequences of their corresponding exons all shared 100% identity. Thus, introns of the HMG-domain of Sox9s in allotetraploids and their original parents have not only the length polymorphism but also intron variability. Our results provide significant molecular evidence for the origin and evolution of allotetraploids.     

Analysis of intron sequence variability of the conservative HMG-box of Sox9 genes in allotetraploids and their original parents

The Sox genes of allotetraploids and their original maternal red crucian carp (Carassius caassius red var.) and original paternal common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were detected by PCR with the designed primers based on the conserved HMG-box sequence in different species. Sequencing of Sox genes indicated that two Sox9 genes (Atsox9a and Atsox9b) existed in allotetraploids, while only one Sox9 gene existed in red crucian carp (Rcsox9a) and common carp (Ccsox9b) . All of the four Sox9 genes contained an intron in the HMG-box. with the sizes of 413 bp, 703 bp, 401 bp and 714 bp, respectively. Moreover, the introns obeyed the rule of "GT-AG" . A high similarity was observed between introns of Atsox9a and Rcsox9a (94.4%), Atsox9b and Ccsox9b (97.8%). Interestingly, the deduced amino acid sequences of their corresponding exons all shared 100% identity. Thus, introns of the HMG-domain of Sox9s in allotetraploids and their original parents have not only the length polymorphism but also intron variability. Our results provide significant molecular evidence for the origin and evolution of allotetraploids.