超导结中自旋分裂的邻近效应

用BdG方程和BTK理论对两种自旋分裂的超导邻近效应进行了研究,计算结果显示在铁磁/超导结中,邻近效应在铁磁一侧引起了一定的超导特征,并且随着离界面距离的变化呈现从0"态到π"态的反转行为,而对于二维电子气/超导结,邻近效应却不能引起π"态超导性.     

自旋-轨道耦合力对核子最低负宇称态的影响

利用推广的带矢量场的手征SUM夸克模型,计算了核子最低负宇称激发态JP=1/2-,3/2-的能量,分析了各种自旋-轨道耦合势对能量劈裂的影响.结果表明,利用矢量介子场耦合可以改进计算结果,但是能级的次序和实验还是相反的.在此基础上进一步考虑其他的自旋-轨道耦合势,可以给出该激发态正确的能级次序.     

建立在超色群SU(3)_(HC)×SU(3)′_(HC)里的Rishon和Texnishon的复合粒子模型

本文利用的结果,其中超色群为半单李群SU(3)_(HC)×SU(3)_(HC),超味群SU(n)_(Hf)中的n可为任何自然数。我们以SU(6)_(Hf)作为超味群,在大统一标度下把SU(n)_(Hf)分解为SU(3)_(TC)×SU(3)_C,因此出现色和Texnicolor,我们以此为Rishon和TexniRishon建立模型,并为复合夸克和Texni夸克建立模型。我们用此复合模型分析了SU(2)_L×SU(2)_R×U(1)_(B-L)→U(1)_Y以及SU(2)_L×U(1)_Y→U(1)_(em)动力学对称性破缺,并分析了色轻子8重态、Texnicolor轻子8重态等偏外态。     

A topological Dirac insulator in a quantum spin Hall phase

When electrons are subject to a large external magnetic field, the conventional charge quantum Hall effect dictates that an electronic excitation gap is generated in the sample bulk, but metallic conduction is permitted at the boundary. Recent theoretical models suggest that certain bulk insulators with large spin-orbit interactions may also naturally support conducting topological boundary states in the quantum limit, which opens up the possibility for studying unusual quantum Hall-like phenomena in zero external magnetic fields. Bulk Bi(1-x)Sb(x) single crystals are predicted to be prime candidates for one such unusual Hall phase of matter known as the topological insulator. The hallmark of a topological insulator is the existence of metallic surface states that are higher-dimensional analogues of the edge states that characterize a quantum spin Hall insulator. In addition to its interesting boundary states, the bulk of Bi(1-x)Sb(x) is predicted to exhibit three-dimensional Dirac particles, another topic of heightened current interest following the new findings in two-dimensional graphene and charge quantum Hall fractionalization observed in pure bismuth. However, despite numerous transport and magnetic measurements on the Bi(1-x)Sb(x) family since the 1960s, no direct evidence of either topological Hall states or bulk Dirac particles has been found. Here, using incident-photon-energy-modulated angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (IPEM-ARPES), we report the direct observation of massive Dirac particles in the bulk of Bi(0.9)Sb(0.1), locate the Kramers points at the sample's boundary and provide a comprehensive mapping of the Dirac insulator's gapless surface electron bands. These findings taken together suggest that the observed surface state on the boundary of the bulk insulator is a realization of the 'topological metal'. They also suggest that this material has potential application in developing next-generation quantum computing devices that may incorporate 'light-like' bulk carriers and spin-textured surface currents.     

Spontaneous skyrmion ground states in magnetic metals

Since the 1950s, Heisenberg and others have addressed the problem of how to explain the appearance of countable particles in continuous fields. Stable localized field configurations were searched for an ingredient for a general field theory of elementary particles, but the majority of nonlinear field models were unable to predict them. As an exception, Skyrme succeeded in describing nuclear particles as localized states, so-called 'skyrmions'. Skyrmions are a characteristic of nonlinear continuum models ranging from microscopic to cosmological scales. Skyrmionic states have been found under non-equilibrium conditions, or when stabilized by external fields or the proliferation of topological defects. Examples are Turing patterns in classical liquids, spin textures in quantum Hall magnets, or the blue phases in liquid crystals. However, it has generally been assumed that skyrmions cannot form spontaneous ground states, such as ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic order, in magnetic materials. Here, we show theoretically that this assumption is wrong and that skyrmion textures may form spontaneously in condensed-matter systems with chiral interactions without the assistance of external fields or the proliferation of defects. We show this within a phenomenological continuum model based on a few material-specific parameters that can be determined experimentally. Our model has a condition not considered before: we allow for softened amplitude variations of the magnetization, characteristic of, for instance, metallic magnets. Our model implies that spontaneous skyrmion lattice ground states may exist generally in a large number of materials, notably at surfaces and in thin films, as well as in bulk compounds, where a lack of space inversion symmetry leads to chiral interactions.     

规范对称性与弱电统一理论

<正> 当描述系统的拉氏量L在某种变换之下具有不变性时,我们就说L具有对称性。规范对称性,顾名思义,就是L在规范变换下的不变性。在近年来发展起来的粒子物理学中,规范对称性占居着极其重要的地位,它已成为人们研究基本粒子理论的一种极好的思想方法和强有力的工具,为统一各种相互作用提供了普遍的理论框架。这篇文章的目的就在于用规范对称性的观点分析讨论弱电统一理论。将会看到,以规范对称性为主导思想的理论具有简洁而     

双量子阱中有自旋轨道耦合的场助电子共振隧穿

研究在自旋轨道耦合和周期振动场的作用下,电子隧穿双量子阱结构的透射系数和自旋极化率．通过数值计算发现：隧穿后电子的自旋简并消除,得到与自旋相关的共振峰．电子隧穿宽势阱时出现对称的Breit-Wigner共振峰,而隧穿窄势阱时出现不对称的Fano共振峰．研究也发现通过调节入射能量和中间势垒的宽度,可以改变共振峰的振幅和位置．利用这个原理可以设计可调的自旋过滤器,实现对自旋的调控．     

一种新型多孔二氧化钛(P-TiO_2)的光伏特性

通过表面光电压谱(SPS)和场诱导表面光电压谱(FISPS)研究一种新型的多孔二氧化钛(P-TiO2)材料.结果表明,特殊的多孔结构使得该材料具有丰富的表面态,使P-TiO2的光伏响应区间可扩展至可见光区,并产生了带-带跃迁和表面态跃迁两个强度相当的响应带;表现出表面态对光生电荷的定域效应,使得带-带跃迁和表面态跃迁在外电场作用下产生明显不同.     

左右对称禁闭弱作用的亚夸克大统一模型

本文提出了一个SU(8)亚夸克大统一模型。模型中,弱作用来源于将亚夸克束缚成夸克和轻子的禁闭规范群,而且它具有左右对称性。所有的夸克和轻子都是复合费米子,它们是亚夸克的束缚态和SU(2)_LXSU(2)_R的二重态。模型满足tHooft相容性条件,给出了四代通常的夸克和轻子。     

Magnetic reconnection from a multiscale instability cascade

Magnetic reconnection, the process whereby magnetic field lines break and then reconnect to form a different topology, underlies critical dynamics of magnetically confined plasmas in both nature and the laboratory. Magnetic reconnection involves localized diffusion of the magnetic field across plasma, yet observed reconnection rates are typically much higher than can be accounted for using classical electrical resistivity. It is generally proposed that the field diffusion underlying fast reconnection results instead from some combination of non-magnetohydrodynamic processes that become important on the 'microscopic' scale of the ion Larmor radius or the ion skin depth. A recent laboratory experiment demonstrated a transition from slow to fast magnetic reconnection when a current channel narrowed to a microscopic scale, but did not address how a macroscopic magnetohydrodynamic system accesses the microscale. Recent theoretical models and numerical simulations suggest that a macroscopic, two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic current sheet might do this through a sequence of repetitive tearing and thinning into two-dimensional magnetized plasma structures having successively finer scales. Here we report observations demonstrating a cascade of instabilities from a distinct, macroscopic-scale magnetohydrodynamic instability to a distinct, microscopic-scale (ion skin depth) instability associated with fast magnetic reconnection. These observations resolve the full three-dimensional dynamics and give insight into the frequently impulsive nature of reconnection in space and laboratory plasmas.     

Triplet-singlet spin relaxation via nuclei in a double quantum dot

The spin of a confined electron, when oriented originally in some direction, will lose memory of that orientation after some time. Physical mechanisms leading to this relaxation of spin memory typically involve either coupling of the electron spin to its orbital motion or to nuclear spins. Relaxation of confined electron spin has been previously measured only for Zeeman or exchange split spin states, where spin-orbit effects dominate relaxation; spin flips due to nuclei have been observed in optical spectroscopy studies. Using an isolated GaAs double quantum dot defined by electrostatic gates and direct time domain measurements, we investigate in detail spin relaxation for arbitrary splitting of spin states. Here we show that electron spin flips are dominated by nuclear interactions and are slowed by several orders of magnitude when a magnetic field of a few millitesla is applied. These results have significant implications for spin-based information processing.     

手征性对禁闭弱作用亚夸克大统一模型的限制

本文考虑了手征性对禁闭弱作用亚夸克大统一模型的限制。经过讨论得知,满足手征性要求的合适的超色群为[SU(3)×SU(2)]_(HC)。这样我们得到,可能的手征禁闭弱作用亚夸克大统一模型为SU(M),M≥9。     

The microscopic nature of localization in the quantum Hall effect

The quantum Hall effect arises from the interplay between localized and extended states that form when electrons, confined to two dimensions, are subject to a perpendicular magnetic field. The effect involves exact quantization of all the electronic transport properties owing to particle localization. In the conventional theory of the quantum Hall effect, strong-field localization is associated with a single-particle drift motion of electrons along contours of constant disorder potential. Transport experiments that probe the extended states in the transition regions between quantum Hall phases have been used to test both the theory and its implications for quantum Hall phase transitions. Although several experiments on highly disordered samples have affirmed the validity of the single-particle picture, other experiments and some recent theories have found deviations from the predicted universal behaviour. Here we use a scanning single-electron transistor to probe the individual localized states, which we find to be strikingly different from the predictions of single-particle theory. The states are mainly determined by Coulomb interactions, and appear only when quantization of kinetic energy limits the screening ability of electrons. We conclude that the quantum Hall effect has a greater diversity of regimes and phase transitions than predicted by the single-particle framework. Our experiments suggest a unified picture of localization in which the single-particle model is valid only in the limit of strong disorder.     

Magnetic and non-magnetic phases of a quantum spin liquid

A quantum spin-liquid phase is an intriguing possibility for a system of strongly interacting magnetic units in which the usual magnetically ordered ground state is avoided owing to strong quantum fluctuations. It was first predicted theoretically for a triangular-lattice model with antiferromagnetically coupled S = 1/2 spins. Recently, materials have become available showing persuasive experimental evidence for such a state. Although many studies show that the ideal triangular lattice of S = 1/2 Heisenberg spins actually orders magnetically into a three-sublattice, non-collinear 120° arrangement, quantum fluctuations significantly reduce the size of the ordered moment. This residual ordering can be completely suppressed when higher-order ring-exchange magnetic interactions are significant, as found in nearly metallic Mott insulators. The layered molecular system κ-(BEDT-TTF)(2)Cu(2)(CN)(3) is a Mott insulator with an almost isotropic, triangular magnetic lattice of spin-1/2 BEDT-TTF dimers that provides a prime example of a spin liquid formed in this way. Despite a high-temperature exchange coupling, J, of 250 K (ref. 6), no obvious signature of conventional magnetic ordering is seen down to 20 mK (refs 7, 8). Here we show, using muon spin rotation, that applying a small magnetic field to this system produces a quantum phase transition between the spin-liquid phase and an antiferromagnetic phase with a strongly suppressed moment. This can be described as Bose-Einstein condensation of spin excitations with an extremely small spin gap. At higher fields, a second transition is found that suggests a threshold for deconfinement of the spin excitations. Our studies reveal the low-temperature magnetic phase diagram and enable us to measure characteristic critical properties. We compare our results closely with current theoretical models, and this gives some further insight into the nature of the spin-liquid phase.     

Hybridization of electronic states in quantum dots through photon emission

The self-assembly of semiconductor quantum dots has opened up new opportunities in photonics. Quantum dots are usually described as 'artificial atoms', because electron and hole confinement gives rise to discrete energy levels. This picture can be justified from the shell structure observed as a quantum dot is filled either with excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) or with electrons. The discrete energy levels have been most spectacularly exploited in single photon sources that use a single quantum dot as emitter. At low temperatures, the artificial atom picture is strengthened by the long coherence times of excitons in quantum dots, motivating the application of quantum dots in quantum optics and quantum information processing. In this context, excitons in quantum dots have already been manipulated coherently. We show here that quantum dots can also possess electronic states that go far beyond the artificial atom model. These states are a coherent hybridization of localized quantum dot states and extended continuum states: they have no analogue in atomic physics. The states are generated by the emission of a photon from a quantum dot. We show how a new version of the Anderson model that describes interactions between localized and extended states can account for the observed hybridization.     

Bose-Einstein condensation of the triplet states in the magnetic insulator TlCuCl3

Bose-Einstein condensation denotes the formation of a collective quantum ground state of identical particles with integer spin or intrinsic angular momentum. In magnetic insulators, the magnetic properties are due to the unpaired shell electrons that have half-integer spin. However, in some such compounds (KCuCl3 and TlCuCl3), two Cu2+ ions are antiferromagnetically coupled to form a dimer in a crystalline network: the dimer ground state is a spin singlet (total spin zero), separated by an energy gap from the excited triplet state (total spin one). In these dimer compounds, Bose-Einstein condensation becomes theoretically possible. At a critical external magnetic field, the energy of one of the Zeeman split triplet components (a type of boson) intersects the ground-state singlet, resulting in long-range magnetic order; this transition represents a quantum critical point at which Bose-Einstein condensation occurs. Here we report an experimental investigation of the excitation spectrum in such a field-induced magnetically ordered state, using inelastic neutron scattering measurements of TlCuCl3 single crystals. We verify unambiguously the theoretically predicted gapless Goldstone mode characteristic of the Bose-Einstein condensation of the triplet states.     

Metal-insulator transition in chains with correlated disorder

According to Bloch's theorem, electronic wavefunctions in perfectly ordered crystals are extended, which implies that the probability of finding an electron is the same over the entire crystal. Such extended states can lead to metallic behaviour. But when disorder is introduced in the crystal, electron states can become localized, and the system can undergo a metal-insulator transition (also known as an Anderson transition). Here we theoretically investigate the effect on the physical properties of the electron wavefunctions of introducing long-range correlations in the disorder in one-dimensional binary solids, and find a correlation-induced metal-insulator transition. We perform numerical simulations using a one-dimensional tight-binding model, and find a threshold value for the exponent characterizing the long-range correlations of the system. Above this threshold, and in the thermodynamic limit, the system behaves as a conductor within a broad energy band; below threshold, the system behaves as an insulator. We discuss the possible relevance of this result for electronic transport in DNA, which displays long-range correlations and has recently been reported to be a one-dimensional disordered conductor.     

磁场下U(2)×U(2)线性σ模型的手征相变

采用U(2)×U(2)线性σ模型对匀强磁场下的手征相变进行了研究.采用单圈有效势方法,讨论在不同温度、不同重子化学势、不同磁场下的有效势,从而对相变的类型进行了考察.结果表明,磁场的引入一般会提高手征相变的相变温度;介子自由度、真空起伏可能改变相变的性质.     

一位量子逻辑门的物理实现

作者研究了自旋为1／2的粒子在随时间变化的磁场中的运动情况．该系统哈密顿量具有SU(2)代数结构．用代数动力学方法对此系统进行求解,得到了严格的解析解．基于严格解,就可构造一位量子逻辑门．通过调节磁场强度和频率,可以控制该量子逻辑门,实现一位量子逻辑门的任何操作．