延长气田延气2井区山2段微观孔隙结构特征及其对气水渗流规律的影响

储层微观孔隙结构特征控制着气水渗流特征,影响着气井的生产能力。延气2井区山2段砂岩储层气井产量差异明显,微观孔隙结构和气水渗流特征复杂。通过铸体薄片、扫描电镜、高压压汞、气水相渗等实验,对山2段储层的孔隙类型、孔隙组合类型、孔隙结构特征和气水两相渗流特征进行了描述,并在此基础上对影响气水相渗特征的因素进行了探讨。储层的孔隙类型主要为粒间孔、岩屑溶孔、晶间孔。根据毛管压力曲线形态特征,结合排驱压力、孔喉分选性、进汞饱和度、中值压力等参数,将研究区毛管压力分为四类:粒间孔类,粒间孔-岩屑溶孔类,岩屑溶孔-晶间微孔类和晶间微孔-微裂缝类;4类孔隙结构有着不同的气水渗流规律,应采取不同的开发策略。     

鄂尔多斯盆地高桥地区盒8段砂岩储层评价

通过对储层岩石学、储层物性、储层孔隙类型及孔隙结构等方面的分析,系统总结并评价了鄂尔多斯盆地高桥地区盒8储层储集性能。研究表明,高桥盒8段储层岩石类型主要为中粗粒岩屑石英砂岩、石英砂岩及少量岩屑砂岩,成分成熟度高,结构成熟度中等;储层物性总体较差,平均孔隙度为8.37%,平均渗透率为0.81×10-3μm2,为典型中低孔、特低渗储层;孔隙类型以次生溶孔为主,其次为晶间孔和原生粒间孔,发育少量微裂隙;孔隙结构表现为排驱压力中等-较高、以细喉道为主、孔喉道连通性相对较差的特点。根据储层岩性、物性、孔隙类型及孔隙结构等参数,评价出4类储层,其中,Ⅱ—Ⅲ类储集岩是研究区较好-中等的储集岩,也是研究区今后增产上储的主要储层。     

准噶尔盆地南缘中段东沟组储层孔隙结构特征及评价

应用岩石薄片、扫描电镜、恒速压汞等实验资料,对南缘中段东沟组储层微观孔隙结构特征进行分析,东沟组储层内发育原生粒间孔、剩余粒间孔及少量粒内溶孔和微裂缝,喉道类型主要为缩颈型喉道,其次为孔隙缩小型和片状型喉道,每个背斜的储层孔喉类型、分选性及连通性都不尽相同。在压汞资料的基础上,运用因子分析优选出分选系数(Sp)、中值半径(R50)、排驱压力(Pd)等8个最能反映原始孔隙结构信息的参数,采用二阶聚类方法将研究区储层孔隙结构分为了Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类,并对其进行了评价,最后用压汞曲线及Bayes判别法对此分类方法进行了验证,样品分类结果的正确率达到99.1%。分类结果表明:Ⅰ类孔隙为大孔粗喉型、Ⅱ类为中孔中-细喉型、Ⅲ类为小孔细喉型;Ⅰ、Ⅱ类孔隙结构的储层为研究区的有利储层,该分类研究为油田下一步剩余油的开发提供了有利的依据。     

志丹油田长3储层微观结构特征研究

利用实验分析成果,对志丹油田长3储层微观结构特征进行研究,长3储层属于低孔特低渗透储层,孔隙类型以粒间孔为主,粒内溶孔其次,粒间溶孔及晶间孔少量,局部伴有微裂缝;孔喉结构复杂,特征参数变化大;孔隙直径一般在20~200μm之间,喉道半径一般在0.11~1.13μm之间;孔喉结构主要为大孔粗喉型、小孔—细喉型及小孔—微喉型组合;依据毛管压力曲线形态及曲线特征参数变化区间,将长3砂岩储层划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ共四种微观结构类型;统计结果表明,微观结构是决定储层物性好坏的关键因素。     

富县北部地区侏罗系延9砂岩储层特征

为进一步研究富县北部地区延9砂岩储层特征,文中利用大量岩矿分析、物性分析、铸体薄片、扫描电镜和压汞资料,对延9储层砂岩的岩石学特征、孔隙结构和孔隙类型进行研究,并进一步分析了储层控制因素。结果表明:储层岩石类型主要是细粒长石岩屑质石英砂岩,成分成熟度较高,结构成熟度中等;岩石物性总体较好,属于中孔中低渗储层,发育剩余原生粒间孔、粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔和铸模孔等孔隙类型,喉道以中喉为主。研究区储层物性受控于沉积因素和成岩作用,压实作用和胶结作用使储层物性变差,溶蚀作用是储层物性改善的主要因素;不同沉积微相的储层物性差异较大,水下分流河道的储层物性最好,同时也是油气聚集的有利相带。     

哈日凹陷巴音戈壁组碎屑岩储层及微观孔喉特征

通过对银根-额济纳旗盆地哈日凹陷巴音戈壁组13块岩心样品的恒速压汞测试,结合扫描电镜观测、显微组分鉴定,对储层岩石学特征、孔隙发育情况及微观孔喉特征进行了研究。结果表明,岩石以粉砂质泥岩、岩屑石英砂岩为主,孔隙主要发育晶间孔、粒间缝、粒间溶孔和粒内溶孔,孔隙度在0.1%～3.4%之间,渗透率在0.004～1.327×10~(-3)μm~2之间。孔喉主要为片状和弯片状吼道,喉道普遍狭窄,孔喉大小分布不集中,半径分布在0.004～0.066μm之间,连通性差,储层最大孔喉半径、平均孔喉半径与孔隙度、渗透率之间具有较好的相关性。毛细管压力曲线特征为中排驱压力-微细喉道型和高排驱压力型-微喉道型,特低渗透碎屑岩储层孔隙结构具有孔喉连通性差及孔喉性质差异大的特点,哈日凹陷巴音戈壁组特低渗透碎屑岩储层性质主要由喉道控制,喉道控制储层渗透性,进而决定开发难度和开发效果。     

濮城油田南区沙二上4~7低渗储层特征

根据铸体薄片、扫描电镜、物性、岩芯、测井和地质模型等资料,对濮城南区沙二上4~7储层进行详细研究,认为该套储层储集空间以剩余原生粒间孔和次生粒间孔组合为主;排驱压力和饱和度中值压力较高,孔喉半径小且分选性较差,歪度小,溶蚀作用对改善喉道连通性的效果不佳,渗透率较低。储层质量受沉积作用和成岩作用的综合影响,其中,沉积作用是形成低渗透储层的最基本因素,决定了后期成岩作用的类型和强度,强烈的压实作用和胶结作用对形成低孔低渗储层起了决定性作用。利用储层物性和孔隙结构参数,将其储层划分为4类,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ类储层主要分布在三角洲前缘水下分流河道和河口坝微相。     

溶孔-粒间孔组合对超低渗透储层物性的影响——以西峰油田庆阳区长8油层为例

目的 研究溶孔-粒间孔组合对超低渗透储层物性的影响.方法 通过岩石薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、恒速压汞等先进的实验方法和系统的分析化验,微观、定量分析各类孔隙及其孔隙结构特征以及对储层物性的影响.结果 与庆阳全区长8储层相比,庄58井区由于溶孔-粒间孔较发育,使得长8储层喉道半径(0.1-2.6μm)、孔隙度(11.5%)、渗透率(1.17×10-3μm2)分别好于全区长8储层喉道半径(O.1～1.0μm)、孔隙度(10.9%)、渗透率(O.68×10-2μm2).结论 发育溶孔-粒间孔组合的储层,其物性相对较好.     

低渗透砂砾岩储层不同孔隙类型下的水驱油特征——以二连盆地阿尔凹陷腾一下段储层为例

以二连盆地阿尔凹陷腾一下段储层低渗透砂砾岩储层为例,利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、高压压汞、恒速压汞、核磁共振、油水相渗实验等测试方法,对研究例区不同孔隙类型下的水驱油特征进行探讨。结果表明,阿尔凹陷腾一下段储层孔隙类型以粒间孔、长石溶孔为主;排驱压力小于1 MPa,孔隙组合类型为溶孔-粒间孔型,T2谱形态为左低右高峰,水驱效率为67. 8%;排驱压力介于1～2 MPa,孔隙组合类型粒间孔-溶孔型,T2谱形态为左高右低峰,水驱效率为49. 7%;排驱压力大于2 MPa,孔隙组合类型晶间孔-溶孔型,T2谱形态为单峰状,水驱效率为35. 8%。研究后认为,研究区不同孔隙类型的储集能力及水驱油特征差异明显,其影响因素主要为渗透率、喉道分布、孔喉比、分选系数、黏土矿物含量。当渗透率小于3×10~(-3)μm~2,喉道半径小于2μm时,储层水驱油效率受渗透率、喉道半径控制明显。     

大牛地气田太原组太2段储层孔隙结构特征

本文根据薄片分析、孔渗分析、压汞实验分析成果,对大牛地气田下石盒子组太2段储层孔隙结构进行了研究,表明太2段储层具有较高的排驱压力和中值压力,较小的孔隙喉道半径。孔隙结构较差,造成太2段储层具有低等孔隙度和低等渗透率的特征。并利用孔隙度（中）、渗透率（K）、排驱压力（pd）和孔隙喉道半径（Rm）等四个参数对储层进行了分类,共分出Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类储层,其中Ⅰ类为本区好储层、Ⅱ类为中等储层,Ⅲ类为差储层,Ⅳ类为非储层,气田主要发育Ⅱ～Ⅲ类储层。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to