水平管内气液两相泡状流的紊流结构

用热膜探针对内径为35mm的水平管内泡状流中的紊流结构进行了测量，发现在管道下部非常低的局部含气率处，紊流脉动速度和紊流强度与单相液流时的相应值类似，而在管道上部的高含气处，气泡的出现极大地增强了脉动和紊流强度，局部的紊流强度是局部含气率的强函数，靠近管中心稍偏上的区域在一定的参数范围内，相应于较高气流折算速度的紊流脉动和紊流强度低于气流折算速度的相应值，紊流强分布规律从铅垂方向到水平方向随测量角增大击趋于对称。     

气液两相流中压力波传播的实验研究

在含气率为0-0.7 m/s,折算液速为0-1.5 m/s范围内实验研究了气液两相泡状流和弹状流中压力波的传播.利用压力信号分析了气液两相流中压力波传播的速度和衰减特性,证明气液两相流中压力波的传播具有色散特性,其传播速度和衰减系数受含气率和扰动角频率的影响很大,而工质的折算速度对压力波的传播几乎没影响.     

Ti3SiC2的高速摩擦特性及摩擦氧化行为

研究了高纯度多晶块体Ti3SiC2高速摩擦特性及摩擦氧化行为．实验在盘-块式高速摩擦试验机上进行，以低碳钢为对磨体，温度25℃，相对湿度23％～25％，滑动速度20～50m／s，法向压强0.1～0．8MPa．结果表明，摩擦系数随滑动速度的提高而减小，而在给定的滑动速度下随法向压强的增大先增大后减小，在40～50m／s的滑动速度和0．8MPa的法向压强下达到最小值0．17．摩擦系数的减小归因为Ti3SiC2表面摩擦氧化层的存在．该氧化层由Ti、Si和Fe的氧化物组成，具有显著的减摩作用．     

多层喷射沉积耐热铝合金管坯热流分析(Ⅰ)--雾化过程热流分析

建立了多层喷射沉积制备管坯的雾化过程热流模型，并对耐热铝合金熔滴在雾化飞行过程中与雾化气流的动能和热能交换进行了计算和分析．计算结果表明：①小直径熔滴在飞行过程中的平均冷却速度较大，其凝固可以在较短时间内完成；②不同直径熔滴飞行过程中的平均冷却速度均随飞行距离的增加而减小；③在0～0．2m的雾化距离内，直径为10～220μm的耐热铝合金熔滴平均冷却速度可以达到10^4K／s以上．     

天然气水合物样品声纵波特性和温压影响测量

介绍了低温实验室合成天然气水合物声纵波传播速度和衰减的测量,以及不同温度和压力条件对纯甲烷水合物样品纵波传播速度的影响．在0—15℃温度范围内测量了冰、四氢呋喃（tetrahydrofuran,THF）水合物、天然气水合物样品及它们与砂的混合物样品的声纵波速度和声波穿透后的幅度．当冰、THF水合物、天然气水合物的密度分别为898,895和475kg／m3时,纵波速度分别为3574,3428和2439m／s,衰减依次增大．天然气水合物与砂的混合物的纵波速度明显低于冰与砂和THF水合物与砂的混合物样品的速度,它们的声衰减都比较小．实验室合成的天然气水合物密度比较低,当密度为475kg／m3时,纵波速度为2439m／s;经过压实密度增加,纵波速度随之增加,而衰减逐步减小,当密度为890kg／m3时,速度为3259m／s．在温压影响实验中的两个样品均在同样的初始条件下生成,但水的转化率不一样．在9．6～38MPa的压力范围内,随着活塞压力和孔隙压力的增加,甲烷水合物样品纵波速度也随着增加,从3049m／s增加到3337m／s．不同温度下甲烷水合物样品纵波速度随温度的增加而减少,速度从3800m／s降到3546m／s,且在冰点附近变化很大．     

静止液体中单泡罩的鼓泡特性

为了研究泡罩在静止液体中的鼓泡特性,用双头电导探针测试了不同气量下不同轴向位置处的相界面参数——局部含气率、界面浓度、气泡平均尺寸,得出了它们沿径向的分布规律：在轴向高度略高于泡罩高度处,局部含气率呈中间峰值分布形态,在径向r／R=0．42处出现了局部含气率峰值,随着轴向高度的增加,局部含气率峰值逐渐向塔中心区域移动;同气量下界面浓度沿轴向的变化规律与局部含气率相似;气泡平均尺寸在同气量下随高度的增加,有减小的趋势。     

聚苯胺电极的制备及其电化学聚合的影响因素

采用1mol／L硫酸作为介质，扫描速度为100mV／s．扫描电位为-0．2～0．8V，用循环伏安法在纳米二氧化钛（Nano-TiO2）膜电极上实现了苯胺的电化学聚合。结果表明复合膜的生成、峰电流的大小受溶液浓度、扫描速度以及扫描电位的影响，成膜速度随溶液浓度增大而加快，但膜稳定性降低，峰电流随扫描速度和电位增大而提高，可逆性降低．     

风沙流中沙粒相输移的测量

在风洞内对风沙流中运动沙粒进行了粒子图像速度场（PIV）测量，通过调整进光量和降噪处理得到了满意的PIV图像与沙粒相的速度场．结果表明颗粒在空中的运动受到球形度、风速的影响：在1m／s来流风速下，在固定点处50～63μm沉降沙粒的垂向速度随时间的变化出现双峰性，其时均值抹平了瞬时速度的波动；随着风速的增大，沙粒受气流脉动作用的影响越发显著，当来流风速增大到3．5m／s时，观察域内的63～80μm沙粒处于悬移状态；当来流风速为5m／s时，整个测量流场内沙粒的垂向速度的平均值为正值，方向向上．采用图像处理的数字掩码技术，处理图像得到了沙粒在流场中的面密度以及单宽输沙率．分析指出实验的误差主要是由沙粒的粒径尺寸和沙粒图像形心位置的不确定性所造成，且提出减小误差的措施．     

气液固流化床气泡特性及气含率预测模型

气含率及气泡直径会直接影响流化床内的反应进程及传质效率，为更好地认识局部流动结构，径向气含率及气泡直径分布成为重点研究内容，特别是径向气含率预测模型的建立具有重要意义．已有平均气含率预测模型都有各自的适用范围，对不同实验体系的应用会表现出局限性．针对以上问题，本文结合电导探针测量法与流体仿真技术，以直径为100 mm和高度为1.5 m的气液固流化床为研究对象，系统地研究了在气相表观速度为0.014～0.283 m/s、液相表观速度为0.007～0.028 m/s、液相黏度为1～40 mPa·s、液相表面张力为0.053～0.072 N/m及固相体积分数为0～30%条件下径向气含率及气泡直径分布特征．结合本实验系统及相关研究数据，提出一种适用于气液固系统的平均气含率预测模型．基于此预测模型，进一步考虑气相表观速度及表面张力对径向气含率分布的影响，采用粒子群优化算法建立气液两相体系的径向气含率预测模型．结果表明：两相及三相体系平均气含率预测模型充分考虑了气液相表观速度、液相物性、固相物性及管径对平均气含率的影响，相比现有经典平均气含率预测模型，拓宽了适用范围并提高预测精度，其平均绝对百分比...     

单条林带防护作用区风速分布特征

为了揭示防护林带对旷野风速运动变化所产生的作用，通过空间多点观测，来研究单条林带防护作用区风速分布特征。结果表明，林带背风面2．5～19H范围内形成的风速降低区，是林带主要保护区和作用范围。其中，4～13H区域内由旷野最大风速值6．4m／s降低至2．7～5．0m/s，风速降低幅度为29．7％～57．8％；13～19日区域内风速分布为5．0～6．0m／s，降低约6．3％～21．9％。在林带迎风面3．5H范围内形成的次降风区，风速降低了0．4～1．0m／s；林带附近乱流交换比较强烈，而且在林带两端处略偏向林带背风面有两个较大的动力速度增强区，风速超过7.0m／s，甚至达到7．5m／s。在林带的垂直方向不同区间的垂线上风述变化不同，林带的有效防护距离并不完全相同。据此提出林带“有效防护面积”的新概念，是表征单条林带防护作用火小的客观指标，能准确地表达农田防护林带的防护区域范围和防护程度。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.