疏水缔合聚合物溶液的临界缔合浓度

为了从本质上说明缔合聚合物溶液的临界缔合浓度和其增黏机理,开展了缔合聚合物荧光光谱实验和在不同水质中的增黏性实验.结果表明:在缔合聚合物溶液中存在着两个临界缔合浓度(CAC1和CAC2),在黏浓关系研究中的临界缔合浓度是指第二临界缔合浓度(CAC2);缔合聚合物在人造淡水中的临界缔合浓度(800mg/L)远低于蒸馏水中的临界缔合浓度(2500mg/L);缔合聚合物在人造淡水中的黏度远高于其在蒸馏水中的黏度,说明缔合聚合物溶液具有较好的抗盐性;在蒸馏水中,MO4000溶液的黏度总比缔合聚合物溶液的黏度高,而在人造淡水中,缔合聚合物溶液的黏度却比MO4000溶液的高;在整个浓度范围内,聚合物MO4000在蒸馏水中的黏度总比在人造淡水中的黏度高,说明MO4000溶液的抗盐性差.     

缔合程度对疏水缔合聚合物增黏性和抗剪切性影响研究

渤海油田具有原油黏度高、储层厚度大、平均渗透率高和非均质性严重等特点,水驱采收率低。疏水聚合物驱广泛用于海上油田的"稳油控水"。为了进一步探索疏水缔合聚合物增黏机理,针对渤海油田储层特征和流体性质,开展疏水缔合聚合物缔合行为及其影响因素研究。结果表明,β-环糊精可以包裹疏水缔合聚合物分子链上疏水基团,调节聚合物分子链上疏水基团间的缔合程度,进而降低聚合物分子线团尺寸和溶液黏度。与缔合黏度相比较,岩心孔隙剪切作用对本体黏度影响较小。岩心孔隙对疏水缔合聚合物溶液具有较强的剪切作用,造成黏度保留率大幅度降低,并且聚合物浓度愈高,黏度保留率愈小。     

分子间高缔合比例疏水缔合聚合物研究(Ⅲ)

对ANPE-HAWP的增粘、耐温、抗盐和抗剪切性能进行了研究和评价,实验结果表明：ANPE-HAWP溶液具有临界缔合浓度（CAC );其耐温抗盐特性明显不同于P（AMPS-AM）参比样品;ANPE-HAWP的溶液结构具有快速可逆恢复的特点,剪切作用对ANPE-HAWP溶液结构所造成的破坏与自发进行的疏水缔合结构恢复的趋势可以达到动态平衡。拟合直线交点法对不同类型疏水缔合聚合物临界缔合浓度的测试结果说明ANPE-HAWP中的疏水基团能够更有效地参与分子间缔合结构的形成,从而在较低的浓度下形成了空间网络结构,从而初步验证了设计分子间高缔合比例HAWP是合理的和可行的。     

长效抗剪切聚合物驱油剂的合成及性能

为了提升驱油用聚合物在苛刻油藏环境中的耐温与抗盐性,设计合成了一种以多元胺-丙烯酸甲酯为聚合前体,具有超支化结构的聚酰胺-胺类单体,并在此基础上合成了一种长效抗剪切聚合物(LSRP)。考查了聚合单体浓度、引发温度、聚合时间、引发剂组成和加量及水解度等因素对LSRP溶液黏度的影响,采用FTIR和1HNMR表征了单体及聚合物结构,对聚合物增黏、抗剪切、抗盐、注入性及驱油性能进行了评价。结果表明:聚合物LSRP具有较好的增黏能力、抗剪切性和稳定性,当原油黏度70～300 m Pa·s时,室内驱油实验采收率较水驱增加20%以上,矿场试验注入后期压力平稳上升。     

疏水缔合型和非疏水缔合型驱油聚合物的结构与溶液特征

考察三次采油过程中所用的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)和疏水缔合型部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(AHPAM)结构与性质的差异,通过对其结构表征以及对其增黏性、耐温性和抗盐性的测试,结合扫描电镜(SEM)对两种聚合物溶液微观结构形态的观察,讨论疏水基团的存在对聚合物溶液性质的影响。结果表明,相对于HPAM,AHPAM溶液因结构中含有的疏水基之间的相互作用使高分子间进一步形成缔合的网络结构而具有良好的增黏性、耐温性和抗盐性。     

适合海上Q油田的活性聚合物调驱性能评价

针对海上Q油田非均质性强及综合含水率高的问题,开展了活性聚合物调驱性能研究。研究中采用流变仪和界面张力仪考察了活性聚合物的增黏性和界面活性,采用室内物理模拟实验考察了相同黏度下活性聚合物的注入性、驱油能力以及不同注入方式下的驱油效率。研究结果表明,相比普通聚合物,活性聚合物增黏性好,具有低浓高黏特性;浓度高于400 mg/L时,油水界面张力低于11 mN/m;在注入岩芯时,岩芯末端起压明显,具有一定的深部调剖能力;相同黏度下活性聚合物的驱油效率要比普通聚合物高8.66%,聚合物与水交替注入时提高采收率幅度最高,达到22.34%。     

疏水缔合聚合物的合成及溶液性能研究

采用自由基胶束聚合法 ,合成了疏水缔合型丙烯酰胺 /2 丙烯酰胺基烷基磺酸共聚物。用Brookfield旋转粘度计测定了不同疏水基含量的聚合物的溶液性能 ,同时考察了疏水缔合聚合物浓度、盐浓度、剪切速率以及温度对聚合物溶液性能的影响。实验结果表明 ,稀溶液中疏水缔合聚合物分子的缔合以分子内缔合为主 ;在临界缔合浓度以上 ,缔合以分子间缔合为主。该聚合物是一种性能优异的疏水增粘剂 ,模拟盐水条件下的粘度比清水溶液粘度有很大提高 ,表现出明显的抗盐性质 ,其临界缔合浓度约为 5 0 0mg/L。使用时可用油田采出水直接配注 ,因而在提高采收率的同时 ,还进一步降低了聚合物的用量 ,同时还解决了产出污水的重复利用问题     

疏水缔合聚合物的合成及溶液性能研究

采用自由基胶束聚合法，合成了疏水缔合型丙烯酰胺／2-丙烯酰胺基烷基磺酸共聚物。用Brookfield旋转粘度计测定了不同疏水基含量的聚合物的溶液性能，同时考察了疏水缔合聚合物浓度、盐浓度、剪切速率以及温度对聚合物溶液性能的影响。实验结果表明，稀溶液中疏水缔合聚合物分子的缔合以分子内缔合为主；在临界缔合浓度以上，缔合以分子间缔合为主。该聚合物是一种性能优异的疏水增粘剂，模拟盐水条件下的粘度比清水溶液粘度有很大提高，表现出明显的抗盐性质，其临界缔合浓度约为500mg／L。使用时可用油田采出水直接配注，因而在提高采收率的同时，还进一步降低了聚合物的用量，同时还解决了产出污水的重复利用问题。     

分子间高缔合比例疏水聚合物研究(Ⅰ)

分析了目前疏水缔合聚合物在研究和应用中的存在问题,认为主要原因是聚合物分子结构设计不当和聚合反应控制不当。分析了环境疏水缔合作用HAWP流变性之间的相互作用关系,认为疏水缔合作用是HAWP水溶液中形成可逆的超分子结构和溶液保持其结构流体特性的根本原因,而分子设计的手段可以实现对分子链内缔合/分子链间缔合动态平衡的调节。分析了疏水缔合作用与HAWP溶液耐温抗盐性能之间的关系,提出了设计分子间高缔合比例疏水缔合聚合物的分子设计目标：通过调节所引入疏水基团参与溶液超分子缔合结构的效率,使其溶液的耐温抗盐性能得到进一步提高,同时尽可能降低因疏水基团的引入带来的负面影响。     

实验及模拟研究两性疏水缔合聚合物增黏机理

两性疏水缔合水溶性聚合物具有良好的耐温、耐盐、耐剪切性能,在三次采油、酸化压裂等领域具有较大的应用潜力。室内合成了一种新型两性疏水缔合水溶性聚合物,分别研究了其水溶液在不同浓度、剪切和温度条件下的黏度变化情况。同时,利用耗散粒子动力学模拟(DPD)方法对其水溶液在不同浓度、剪切和温度条件下的水珠子扩散速率和疏水缔合聚合物的自组装结构进行了模拟研究。实验和模拟结果基本一致,利用耗散粒子动力学方法进一步证明了两性疏水缔合聚合物在水溶液的增黏机理和微观自组装结构。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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