上海近数十年城市发展对气候的影响

本文通过对上海市气象台(位于市区龙华)近数十年气候资料前后时期的历史分析,并与同时期郊县气候记录对比,滤去区域气候因素的影响,结合上海城市发展的特征,发现由于城市人口密度、建筑物密度和能源消耗量等的快速增长,导致上海城市气候发生一定程度的变化.其最突出的表现是:城市热岛效应效著,城乡气温差别逐渐增大;城区风速和湿度渐次减小;雾日数和晴天日数减少,低云量和阴天日数增多;太阳直接辐射和总辐射减少,散射辐射和混浊因子加大.观测实践证明:上海“城市发展”这个人为因素对当地气候确实具有明显的影响.     

上海城市形态变化的空间分析及成因探索

特定的城市空间形态是各种内外因素长期相互作用的结果.研究对比不同时期的城市形态结构变化,是探索社会经济动因的一个重要方面.以上海城市空间形态作为研究对象,利用5幅具有代表性的不同历史时期地图,采用ARCGIS软件进行空间分析,分别计算了上海在100年期间城市空间的扩展速度与扩展方位,以及城市空间形状的紧凑度指数与分形维数,综合研究上海城市空间形态的历史演变过程,并分析其中的社会变革等因素的影响.研究发现上海建成区的发展分为两个阶段:1884~1978年为上海城市的低速扩展阶段,战乱动荡时期城市发展相对缓慢;1978~1987年为高速扩展阶段,改革开放让上海的经济发展和城市建设有了很大的提升.因此,城市的空间形态演变过程与城市的社会变革因素是密切相关的.     

福建地区太阳能资源特征及光热利用分析

分析福建典型气象年数据,结果表明:(1)福建地区太阳辐射和日照时数的空间分布由沿海城市向内陆西北地区减少;(2)太阳辐射和日照时数时间分布为夏秋季较大,冬春季较小;(3)采暖季节的气候环境温度较高,热状况较为优越。由此可见福建地区具有太阳总辐射量大、直接辐射较多、太阳能可利用日数较多,气候环境温度高等自然气候条件,太阳能资源丰富,可开发条件优越,综合利用太阳能的潜力巨大。并结合分析福建地区太阳能热利用的现状,提出了促进太阳能热利用的措施。     

云南楚雄市的发展对气候及气象灾害的影响

以楚雄市气象站1978～2000年的气候资料作为城市气候资料，以楚雄市西郊的南华气象站1978～2000年的气候资料作为郊区气候资料进行对比分析，探讨楚雄市城市的发展对气候及气象灾害的影响，并揭示其变化规律。结果表明，进入20世纪80年代以来，楚雄市热岛效应和干岛效应日趋明显，随着楚雄城市的发展扩大，城区的气温逐渐升高，湿度逐渐减少，降水呈递增趋势，风速呈递减趋势。楚雄市城市发展对主要灾害性天气的影响表现为，城市的暴雨日数呈增多的趋势；大风发生次数逐渐减小，霜冻日数楚雄市区比郊区南华少，且随着城市的发展呈递减趋势。     

北疆地区太阳总辐射的时空变化

根据1961—2006年北疆4站太阳总辐射气候资料,用气候趋势系数及回归系数研究了太阳总辐射的变化趋势及其时空分布状况,并对影响太阳总辐射的气候因子进行了分析。结果表明,46年间北疆地区的月、季、年太阳总辐射总体均呈现下降趋势,其中太阳年总辐射呈显著下降趋势;太阳总辐射与总、低云量、相对湿度、雨雪日数具有较好的负相关性;造成北疆地区太阳总辐射呈下降趋势的重要气候原因是：平均总、低云量、相对湿度、雨雪日数增加的综合作用。     

上海城市对大气边界层若干影响的初步分析

本文根据上海城市气候特征与大气污染防治课题组提供的上海城、郊同步观测的小球测风、低空探空和平衡球等资料,对上海城郊近地层和边界层内的湍强、R_4数、摩擦速度、下垫面粗糙度、风速廓线以及扩散参数等进行计算,并且采用城郊对比法进行分析和探讨。结果表明,上海城市对边界层动力和热力特征影响甚大,城市这个人为因素对边界层的影响不容忽视。     

近43年安阳市雾日和霾日时空特征分析

采用气候倾向率、气候趋势系数、Mann-Kendall检验和Morlet小波等研究方法,对安阳市5个站点1971—2013年的雾霾资料进行分析研究,结果表明:11971—2013年安阳全区年均雾日数和霾日数地域分布相似,均呈由西南向东北递减的特点.年平均轻雾日数以汤阴为中心,向周围递减,东部多与西部,平原多于山区.2雾日和霾日均呈现秋、冬季较多,春夏季少.3安阳全区雾日整体呈波动减少趋势,气候倾向率-1.4 d/10a.轻雾日呈波动增加趋势,气候倾向率6.1 d/10a.全区霾日数1986年前为减少趋势,1986年后呈增多趋势,其中2006年后增幅趋缓.4安阳市平均年雾日数在2008年发生突变减少;全市平均年轻雾日在1993年发生突变减少,2001年发生突变增多;安阳站的年霾日数在2005年发生突变增多.5安阳市雾日数第1主周期为22年,轻雾日数主周期为24年,霾日数主周期18年.     

上海城市对大气边界层若干影响的初步分析

本文根据上海城市气候特征与大气污染防治课题组提供的上海城、郊同步观测的小球测风、低空探空和平衡球等资料,对上海城郊近地层和边界层内的湍强、R_i数、摩擦速度、下垫面粗糙度、风速廓线以及扩散参数等进行计算,并且采用城郊对比法进行分析和探讨.结果表明,上海城市对边界层动力和热力特征影响甚大,城市这个人为因素对边界层的影响不容忽视.     

青岛与济南雾日数气候变化特征差异性分析

利用1961—2020年青岛和济南气象观测要素及青岛近海海表温度等资料,对青岛和济南雾日数气候变化特征差异性及原因进行了分析研究。结果表明：青岛平均年雾日数50.4 d,约是济南的3.1倍。两地雾多发季节明显不同,青岛是在春、夏季,约占全年的78.4%;济南则在秋、冬季,约占全年的70.7%。年、季雾日数变化差异明显,青岛年雾日数增加,春夏季减少、秋冬季显著增加;济南年雾日数减少,四季均减少,且秋季减少显著。年雾日数气候变率和突变特征差异明显,青岛气候变率呈增大趋势且保持在高位状态,济南则呈减小趋势,表明青岛出现极端多雾的概率更大;青岛在1969年发生雾日数增多突变,济南在1995年发生减少突变。青岛秋冬季雾日数增加与近海海表温度显著升高、大气中水汽含量显著增多关系密切;济南秋冬季雾日数减少与最低气温显著升高、湿度减少、温度露点差显著增大关系密切。     

上海城市太阳辐射的日变化和季节变化

本文根据天文因素、气象条件和大气质量论述上海城市太阳辐射的日变化和季节变化的规律性。指出由于气象条件和大气污染浓度的不同,可以改变天文辐射周期性的变化,而“城市发展”这个人为因子对到达地表的太阳直接辐射、散射辐射和总辐射有着极其重要的影响,从而论证上海城市大气环境有明显恶化的趋势。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to