定温加热下微石英管内部换热特征的实验研究

以蒸馏水为工质，流过内径分别为242μm，315μm和520μm石英管，采用饱和水蒸气来加热石英管，实现定温加热以研究石英管内部的换热．根据饱和水蒸气的压力来确定石英管外壁的温度值，实现了定温加热与温度测量的同步．实验得到了雷诺数RP在100-6000变化时的努谢尔特数Nu，并与经典的层流、过渡流及紊流换热准则方程式进行了对比．实验结果表明，在Re较低时，微石英管内部的Nu低于常规经典的换热准则方程式的解，但RP增加到16001900时，微石英管内的Nu与过渡流准则方程式的解基本一致；当RP增加到3500～5000时，微石英管内部换热的Nu达到常规尺度下的紊流换热方程式的解．     

非对称波纹通道内流动与传热的数值计算

以空气为介质,在雷诺数Re=50~1 100的范围内对非对称的三角形、正弦形和椭圆形波纹通道内稳态层流流动与换热进行数值模拟,分析了恒壁温条件下,Re、波纹板形状对流动与换热特性的影响,并拟合出了各通道内阻力系数f及表面换热特性数Nu随Re变化的关联式,同时对3种波纹通道的综合性能G进行了分析评价。结果表明,椭圆形通道的f最大;Re<500时三角形通道的f最小;在Re>300后椭圆形通道表面的Nu值最大;各通道的综合性能,以Re=900为界,在小Re时以正弦形通道性能最佳,椭圆通道的最差,大Re时椭圆通道的性能最佳。     

空气射流冲击下柱鳍热沉散热特性实验研究

电子系统微型化、大功率的发展趋势,以及对系统性能和可靠性的需求,要求电子元件具有更为强大的散热性能.空气射流冲击,尤其与其他表面强化传热方式的结合是一个很好的选择,采用这种散热方式几乎能达到与液体冷却相当的散热能力.选用3个不同肋高的矩形柱鳍热沉对空气射流冲击矩形柱鳍热沉进行传热特性的实验研究.首先,分别获得了这3个热沉的热阻(θab)随Re数及H/D变化的实验数据和对应这3个热沉的模拟芯片表面的平均努塞尔数(Nu)随Re数及H/D变化的实验数据;其次,选用合适的函数形式对实验数据采用最小二乘法拟合,得到了此实验条件下关于Re、H/D及肋片高度Hf的准数方程.实验结果表明,随Re或H/D的增大而减小,但当Re或H/D增大到一定程度时,θab减小的幅度就不再明显;Nu数关于Re、H/D及肋片高度Hf的实验公式,其相对误差小于9%;在3159≤Re≤15798的范围内,这种冷却方式下的对流换热系数可达500～1100W/(m·2K).     

微小槽道散热器流动与换热实验研究

以 0 .4mm× 2 .0mm× 2 0mm的微小矩形槽道蔟为实验段 ,对水和 6 6 %乙二醇水溶液在底部加热的微小槽道散热器中的流动与换热特性进行了实验研究 ,实验的Re数范围为 2～ 2 5 0 0。实验结果表明 :水和乙二醇水溶液工质在微槽散热器中的流动阻力系数随Re数的增大而减小 ;对流换热的Nu数均随着Re数的增大而增加 ;在相同Re数下 ,Pr数大的乙二醇水溶液工质的Nu数大于水的Nu数。在实验基础上 ,获得了相应的流动阻力及换热系数的实验关联式     

三通道同心套管导热与对流耦合换热的数值模拟

采用整体求解法对常物性的冷、热流体在三通道同心套管中层流逆流流动时的导热与对流耦合传热问题，进行了数值模拟．结果表明，3个通道除各自的入口段局部努塞尔数Nu沿通道变化外，其后均为充分发展段，局部Nu保持不变，且通道内侧的换热比外侧好．固体与流体的导热系数之比λsf对耦合换热产生影响，耦合情况下的Nu比均匀热流边界条件下的Nu要小，随λsf的减小，固壁内的导热对Nu的影响加大．     

倾斜同心套管内自然对流换热的数值模拟

对倾斜同心套管夹层内的自然对流换热进行了数值模拟 .采用面扫描结合三维块修正的技术 ,并在压力和速度修正方程中运用了预测和校正技术 ,使得程序的收敛性、收敛速度和计算精度大为提高 .数值模拟结果表明 :同心套管在水平放置且高宽比 H较小时受端面效应影响换热要低于二维模型得到的值 ,在 H>1 0情况下可以用二维模型来近似 ;在倾斜放置时 ,决定换热的因素除Ra之外 ,半径比、H、倾角等均有影响 ;换热 Nu随 Ra和半径比的增大而上升 ;此外存在一临界高宽比 ,其值约在 3～ 5,与半径比有关 ;当 H小于临界值时 ,Nu随倾角的增大而上升 ,反之则下降     

波纹通道形状对流动与换热影响的数值研究

应用数值方法,研究了流体在结构对称的正弦形、三角形、椭圆形、圆弧切线形及阶梯形通道内周期性充分发展的层流流动与换热特性,分析了恒壁温、常物性条件下通道表面形状,以及雷诺数RP对流动与换热性能的影响;并对不同通道的摩擦阻力系数f、表征换热特征的努谢尔特数Nu以及综合性能参数G分别进行了比较.结果表明:阶梯形通道内流体流动的f最大,正弦形通道的次之,椭圆形通道的f随Re的变化规律与其他通道的不尽相同;不同结构通道表面Nu的相对大小与Re的范围相关,Re>150后,阶梯形通道的换热能力最强,椭圆的最弱;三角形通道的综合性能最佳,椭圆形通道的最差,除阶梯形通道外,小Re时通道的综合性能优于大Re时的性能.本研究成果为换热器设计提供理论依据.     

空气在三角形波纹通道内湍流流动与换热的数值研究

采用数值模拟的方法,对流动与换热进入周期性充分发展段等壁温边界条件下三角形波纹通道内流体的流动与换热进行二维数值模拟分析,计算考察了雷诺数Re、间距比ε及波纹纵横比γ对流动与换热性能的影响。结果表明:Re数及波纹纵横比γ较小时,不会出现回流;在计算的Re范围内,随着Re的增加,平均努塞尔数Nu呈递增趋势,摩擦阻力系数f呈下降趋势;并拟合出通道不同几何因子下阻力系数f及表面换热特性数Nu随Re变化的关联式。通过对性能参数j/f的分析得出,采用小间距比ε或者小波纹纵横比γ均可以提高换热性能。     

扩缩通道内流动和换热非线性特性的数值模拟

对扩缩通道内流动与换热进行了数值模拟并探讨了其中的非线性特性.通过对不同突扩比ER、不同长宽比AR及不同雷诺数Re下通道内流场和温度场进行分析,给出在一定工况下对称通道内流体的流动和换热会出现偏斜等非线性现象的情况.数值模拟结果表明,存在临界雷诺数Rec使流体流动和换热形态发生转变,当Re超过Rec时,流体流动和换热不仅有对称解,还有非对称解;当Re继续增大时,流体流动和换热出现振荡.通道的几何尺寸及后缩段(表现为ER及AR)都对Rec产生影响.分析结果表明,当Re超过临界雷诺数Rec时,同一截面处上下壁面的局部努塞尔数Nu也由对称向非对称转变,上下壁面出现最大局部Nu的位置也不同.     

斜三通的CFD数值模拟及传热影响因素研究

为研究斜三通管内流体的流动与传热过程,应用CFD软件Fluent分别对管间夹角θ为20°～90°、流速比λ为2～3.5以及支管位置l为500～1 000 mm的斜三通内流体的流动与传热过程进行了数值模拟,并通过正交试验设计对影响三通壁面平均换热系数的各参数进行了敏感性分析。结果表明,随着θ和λ的增大,三通出口处流体最大速度逐渐增大,其中λ的影响更为显著;壁面平均换热系数随θ和λ的增大而增大,随l的减小而增大;支管位置l主要影响壁面平均换热系数,对最大速度的影响可忽略不计。按照影响壁面平均换热系数作用的强弱,支管位置l>流速比λ>管间夹角θ,即支管越靠近主管进口、流速比越大、管间夹角越大,则壁面换热效果越好。因此,支管位置是影响斜三通壁面传热效果的首要因素。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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