Interdecadal change of summer precipitation over Eastern China around the late-1990s and associated circulation anomalies, internal dynamical causes

Observational study indicated that the summer precipitation over Eastern China experienced a notable interdecadal change around the late-1990s. Accompanying this interdecadal change, the dominant mode of anomalous precipitation switched from a meridional triple pattern to a dipole pattern, showing a "south-flood-north-drought" structure (with the exception of the Yangtze River Valley). This interdecadal change of summer precipitation over Eastern China was associated with circulation anomalies in the middle/upper troposphere over East Asia, such as changes in winds and corresponding divergence, vertical motion and moisture transportation (divergence), which all exhibit remarkable meridional dipole structures. Furthermore, on the internal dynamic and thermodynamic aspects, the present study investigated the influence of the midtroposphere zonal and meridional flow changes over East Asia on the interdecadal change around the late-1990s. Results suggested that, during 1999-2010, the East Asia subtropical westerly jet weakened and shifted poleward, forming a meridional dipole feature in anomalous zonal flow. This anomalous zonal flow, on one hand, induced changes in three teleconnection patterns over the Eurasian continent, namely the "Silk Road" pattern along the subtropical upper troposphere westerly jet, the East Asia/Pacific (EAP) pattern along the East Asian coast, and the Eurasia (EU) pattern along the polar jet; on the other hand, it brought about cold advection over Northern China, and warm advection over Southern China in the mid-troposphere. Through these two ways, the changes in the zonal flow induced descent over Northern China and ascent over Southern China, which resulted in the anomalous "south-flood-north-drought" feature of the summer precipitation over Eastern China during 1999-2010.     

Wintertime extreme precipitation event over southern Chinaand its typical circulation features

This study objectively defined an extremeprecipitation event （EPE） over southern China and inves-tigated the associated typical circulation pattern on theintraseasonal time scale. The occurrence of the EPEresulted from the joint operations of anomalous circula-tions over the subtropics and mid-high latitudes. During theEPE, simultaneous enhancements of the trough over theBay of Bengal （BBT） and the Western Pacific subtropicalhigh （WPSH） facilitated thetions over southern China,abundant water vapor condi-whereas the weakened EastAsian major trough （EAT） led to a moderate cold airinvasion to that region, producing a persistent convergencezone over southern China. Wave train pattern in NorthAtlantic and Europe may be viewed as precursory signalsfor the EPE over southern China, and it contributed to theRossby wave propagation in association with the EPE.These wave packets propagated toward East Asia mainlyalong the North African-Asian subtropical westerly jetwaveguide. Low-frequency disturbances along this wave-guide contributed to the enhancement of the BBT andWPSH and the weakening of the EAT, constitutingfavorable circulation conditions for the EPE.     

赤道太平洋中东部海温异常与中国东部降水异常的统计关系

厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜海洋现象对世界气候的影响非常大,我国东部地处太平洋西岸,降水明显受其影响.本文从1950~1999年50年赤道太平洋中东部海温距平资料入手,得出厄尔尼诺现象和拉尼娜现象50年的表现特征.然后对中国东部夏季降水异常情况进行统计,分析了太平洋海温异常与中国东部降水异常的统计关系.并因此得到El Nino年华北显著偏旱,淮河流域El Nino年出现涝灾的概率达到50%,长江中下游地区出现在El Nino年和La Nina年的旱涝年数相差不大,华南在El Nino年出现的旱年数占全部旱年的50%等一些有意义的结论.     

Sea surface temperature east of Australia： A predictor of tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific？

The relationship between sea surface temperature (SST) east of Australia and tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific (WNPTCF) is analyzed by use of observation data.The WNPTCF from June to October is correlated negatively to spring SST east of Australia.When the spring SST is in the positive phase,a cyclonic circulation anomaly in the upper troposphere and an anticyclonic circulation anomaly in the lower troposphere prevail over the western North Pacific from June to October,concurrent with an anomalous atmospheric subsidence and an enlarged vertical zonal wind shear.These conditions are unfavorable for tropical cyclone genesis,and thus WNPTCF decreases.The negative phase of the spring SST east of Australia leads to more tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific.The spring SST east of Australia may give rise to simultaneous change in tropical atmospheric circulation via the teleconnection wave train,and then subsequently affect atmospheric circulation variation over the western North Pacific.     

1998年夏季北半球斜压波活动与长江流域洪涝灾害分析

对流层上层的斜压波、高空槽对天气的变化有重要的影响。1998年夏季我国出现了大范围的天气异常，在长江流域发生了20世纪第二大的全流域性洪水，分析了1998年夏季北半球的西风急流、风暴轴、以及对流层上的斜压波活动与气候平均情况的异同，并揭示了1998年夏季北半球斜压波活动传播的主要区域、斜压波活动的持续性、斜压波向传播的速度以及斜压波传播时所具有的明显的下游效应。1998年夏季北半球的波包 次数共有11次，与夏季气候状况相比属于正常偏多，其中5月和8月的波包活动次数稍多。但更为明显的一个特点就是在7月中旬到8月上旬大西洋－欧洲的斜压波包活动比往年集中频繁，而且持续时间偏长， 为造成我国异常梅雨天气和长江流域洪涝灾害的乌拉尔阻塞高压的发展和维持提供了能量支持，同时为长江流域以及同期我国东北的大范围降雨提供了有利的水汽输送条件。最后分析了地面气旋生成与斜压波、高空槽之间的联系，指出在大多数向东部发展的高空槽的槽前，地面上有对应气旋地生成。     

Seasonal cycle of the zonal land-sea thermal contrast and East Asian subtropical monsoon circulation

Based on analysis of the climatic temperature latitudinal deviation on middle troposphere, its seasonal cycle suggests that due to the rapid warming from eastern China continent to the east of Tibetan Plateau and the heating of Tibetan Plateau in spring, seasonal transition of the thermal difference between East Asia continent and West Pacific first takes place in the subtropical region with greatest intensity. On the accompanying low troposphere, the prevailing wind turns from northerly in winter to southerly in summer with the convection precipitation occurring at the same time. This maybe indicates the onset of the East Asian subtropical summer monsoon. Consequently, we advice that the seasonal cycle formed by the zonal thermal contrast between Asian continent and West Pacific may be an independent driving force of East Asian subtropical monsoon.     

冬春海温异常对东亚初夏季风环流的影响

用ＯＳＵ的两层大气环流模式进行了热带西太平洋冬春海温异常对东亚初夏（５月）季风环流影响的数值试验．结果表明：①海温的负距平引起西太平洋副热带高压脊南落和西伸，东亚热带季风环流减弱，我国西南和华南地区的降水增加；②海温的正距平引起西太平洋副热带高压明显减弱，西太平洋的赤道西风加强，我国西南和华南地区的降水减少     

南半球夏季长生命期斜压波包的观测研究

利用Hillbert变换和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究南半球夏季长生命期的斜压波包的结构和传播特征。结果表明,波包位相速度平均为11.2°/d,波包的包络传播速度（群速度）平均约为25.4°/d,群速约为相速的2.3倍。波包的位相垂直分布在波包发展阶段、成熟时期和衰减阶段是不同的。在发展阶段,波包位相在对流层低层西倾;对流层低层至高层波包位相随高度是近于垂直的;在对流层高层,其位相又开始西倾。在波包成熟阶段,在对流层低层仍然是西倾,对流层中低层以上其位相近于垂直。在波包衰减阶段,其位相在整个对流层都是近于垂直的。波包传播过程中其能量随时间变化比较复杂。有时波包呈现出一次“增长－成熟－衰减”过程,但有时却呈现出多次“增长－成熟－衰减”过程。     

Different types of La Niña events and different responses of the tropical atmosphere

Historical La Nia events since 1950 are divided into Eastern Pacific(EP) type and Central Pacific(CP) type,and the SSTA developing features as well as the different responses of the tropical atmosphere are further analyzed by using multiple datasets.Classification of different types La Nia is based on the normalized Ni o3 and Ni o4 indices and the SSTA distribution pattern during the mature phase.The minimum negative SSTA for CP La Nia is located over the equatorial central Pacific near the dateline,more westward than that of EP La Nia.It has stronger intensity and larger east-west zonal difference of SSTA over the equatorial Pacific than EP La Nia.Influenced by the different SSTA distribution pattern,CP La Nia induces more westward location of the anomalous sinking motion and the anomalous low-level divergent and high-level convergent winds over the equatorial eastern Pacific.The different response of the tropical atmospheric circulation between EP and CP La Nia is more significant in the upper troposphere than in the lower troposphere.However,the tropical precipitation patterns during the mature phase of EP and CP La Nia are much similar,except the less(more) precipitation over the equatorial central Pacific(eastern Indian Ocean-western Pacific) during CP La Nia than during EP La Nia.     

A dynamic view of the tropospheric teleconnection between IOD and the Pacific Ocean

The tropospheric teleconnection pattern between the Indian Ocean Dipole （IOD） and the Pacific Ocean was studied using GISST and NECP/NCAR reanalysis data. Results show that a structure of Rossby wave train extends from the tropical Indian Ocean over southern subtropical regions of Australia and Pacific Ocean to the tropical Pacific Ocean, where a strong correlation between IOD and geopotential height （GH） anomaly of Pacific Ocean exists. Energy propagating pathways of the planetary wave with wave numbers 1-3 are qualitatively in agreement with the Rossby wave train, which implies that the energy propagation of the stationary planetary wave could be responsible for the tropospheric teleconnection between IOD and tropical Pacific Ocean.     

The East Asian summer monsoon circulation anomaly index and its interannual variations

Based on the concept of East Asia-Pacific (EAP) teleconnection which influences East Asian summer monsoon, an index for East Asian summer monsoon circulation anomaly was defined and it was pointed out that this index can describle the interannual variation character of summer climate in East Asia, especially in the Yangtze River and Huaihe River Valley.     

Anomalous activity of East Asian winter monsoon and the tropical Pacific SSTA

The relationship between the anomalous East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) activity and the tropical Pacific SST anomalies has been identified using the results of 40-year integration of the IAP CGCM1 model and 10-year observational data. In the strong EAWM year, the western and central Pacific are dominated by positive SST anomalies while the eastern Pacific is negative ones. In the weak EAWM year, the SSTA pattern is quite different and shows El Nino-like SST anomalies. The strong EAWM activity tends to create extra easterly flow to the east and extra westerly flow to the west of the warm SSTA region over the equatorial western and central Pacific, thus leading to the enhancement of convergence and convection of the flow in this region and favorable to the maintenance and development of such an SSTA pattern. On the other hand, the warm SST anomaly over the western and central Pacific, as a forcing, may lead to a specific pattern of the northern extratropical atmosphere, which is favorable to the strong EAWM activity. The tropical Pacific SSTA pattern related closely to the strong EAWM activity differs significantly from that of the La Nina year.     

2014年1月济南市空气污染气象条件分析

为研究大气环流背景及气象条件对山东中西部PM2.5污染的影响,利用气象及PM2.5浓度资料,选取济南市作为典型代表城市,诊断分析了大气环流背景及气象演变过程对2014年1月济南市PM2.5浓度的影响,建立济南静稳指数公式。结果表明：2014年1月华东北部至华北南部地面至对流层中层风速均为负距平,水平方向污染扩散能力差,偏南风异常加强了南方水汽的输送,有利于气态污染物向颗粒态转化,推高了PM2.5浓度;对流层低层东亚冬季风异常偏弱,逆温增多,垂直方向污染扩散能力差;500 hPa异常高压,抑制了东亚大槽的发展,更加有利于污染物在底层的累积。天气演变过程分析表明：地面水平方向及高空垂直方向气象条件对PM2.5浓度均有影响,地面风速偏弱（偏强）,高（低）湿度,风场辐合（辐散）时,PM2.5污染偏高（偏低）;边界层高度降低（升高）,垂直方向气流下沉（上升）,对流层中低层大气层结不稳定增强（减弱）时,PM2.5污染升高（降低）。静稳指数对于空气质量及重污染过程具有较好的预报能力。     

Southern Hemisphere mean zonal wind in upper troposphere and East Asian summer monsoon circulation

1 Introduction Variability of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) has been detected by considering roles of El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, snow cover over Eurasia and Tibetan Plateau, and signals from the soil (namely, the soil temperatur…     

冬季西太平洋副热带高压脊线位置异常与热带对流异常的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、射出长波辐射(OLR)资料,国家气候中心提供的1979~2008年1月西太副高脊线指数和逐日降水资料,对1月西太副高脊线位置与热带对流异常的关系进行了分析。结果表明,1月西太副高脊线位置与南海及菲律宾以东地区OLR场存在显著的负相关关系。进一步研究发现,副高脊线的南北位置异常是由于南海及菲律宾以东地区对流偏强(弱)造成这一区域出现异常的上升(下沉)运动;由于对流层高层(低层)南风距平的作用,在我国东南部的下沉运动增强(减弱);同时,在对流层的低(高)层出现了异常北风,从而构成了一个向北(南)的经向环流,有利于副高脊线的北抬(南退)。这种对流异常是造成2008年初我国南方超过1/3区域出现了50年一遇的低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害的间接原因之一。     

“Climate effect” of the northeast cold vortex and its influences on Meiyu

The Northeast Cold Vortex (NECV) is an important weather system in the middle and high latitudes in East Asia. Its time scale is synoptic, yet the frequent activities of NECV have significant "climate effect" which influences not only the monthly temperature in the lower troposphere in Northeast China but also the Meiyu rainfall in East Asia. On the basis of ERA-40 reanalysis data provided by ECMWF, the "climate effect" of NECV and its relationship with Meiyu in East Asia are studied. It is shown that there is significant correlation between NECV during the Meiyu period and rainfall amount: strong NECV corresponds to more Meiyu rainfall and weak NECV corresponds to less rainfall. In strong NECV years, the dry and cold air from the north is led to the south by NECV, converges with the lower-level warm and wet southwesterly on the north verge of Meiyu region, thus forms an unstable stratification of "upper dryness and lower wetness" . Triggered by ascending motion, the Meiyu rainfall amount is more than usual. It is on the contrary in weak NECV years. The anomalous SST in north Pacific in the previ-ous year may be a factor that results in the anomalous NECV at Meiyu period. The land-sea thermal contrast in summer facilitates NECV, while that in winter inhibits NECV. All of the above provide a meaningful result for the short-term climate prediction of NECV and Meiyu.     

The terraced thermal contrast among the Tibetan Plateau, the East Asian plain, and the western North Pacific and its impacts on the seasonal transition of East Asian climate

The heating sources over the Tibetan Plateau （TP）, the East Asian plain, and the western North Pacific （WNP） form a terraced thermal contrast in the west-east direction. Over East Asia and the WNP, this zonal thermal contrast contributes as high as 45 % to the seasonal variance based on the EOF analysis and exerts a significant impact on the seasonal transition of the East Asian climate through the enhancement of the year-round southerly to the southeast of the TP in late March and early April. This effect is investigated in this study using a high-resolution regional atmospheric model by doubling the surface sen- sible heat flux, respectively, over the TP, the East Asian plain, and the WNP in three sensitivity experiments. Comparisons among the experiments reveal that doubling the surface sensible heat flux over the WNP has little upstream response over East Asia. The increased zonal thermal contrast between the TP and the East Asian plain due to doubled heat flux over the TP would induce anomalous northerly over the region with year-round southerly to the southeast of the TP and weaken its seasonal enhancement. Doubling the surface sensible heat flux over the East Asian plain decreases the zonal thermal contrast and leads to southerly anomaly over the region with year-round southerly to the southeast of the TP and South China, which is favorable for the enhancement of the year-round southerly and its eastward extension.     

Tropospheric biennial oscillation of the western Pacific subtropical high and its relationships with the tropical SST and atmospheric circulation anomalies

There is the significant period of tropospheric biennial Oscillation(TBO)over East Asian monsoon region at the interannual timescales,which has the important influences on East China climate.Based on a set of reconstructed indices which describes the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH)objectively,this paper focuses on the TBO component of WPSH,one of the key members of the East Asian Monsoon system,and its relationships with the tropical SST and atmospheric circulation anomalies.It is found that(1)As an important interannual component of WPSH,the time series of TBO has the obvious transition in the late1970s,and the variability of the WPSH’s TBO component is more significant after the late 1970s.(2)The time-lag correlations between the WPSH’s TBO and the tropical sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies in several key ocean regions are more significant and have longer correlation duration than the raw data.The response of the western boundary index to ENSO is earlier than the intensity index,and the time-lag correlations of them are up to maximum when lagging ENSO by 3–5 months and 5–6months,respectively.(3)In the course of the WPSH’s TBO cycle,the occurrence of the El Ni o-like anomaly in the tropical central-eastern Pacific in winter is always coupled with the weak East Asian winter monsoon,with the most significant enhancing phase of the WPSH’TBO.In contrast,the La Ni a-like anomaly in the central-eastern Pacific in winter is coupled with the strong East Asian winter monsoon,with the most weakening phase of the WPSH’s TBO.(4)The distribution of the tropical SST and atmospheric circulations anomalies are asymmetric in the TBO cycle.The WPSH’s TBO is more significant in the period of the developing El Ni o-like anomaly in central-eastern Pacific than in the period of the developing La Ni a-like anomaly.Therefore,during the period of developing El Ni o-like anomaly,more attention should be paid to the interannual component of TBO signal in the short-term climate prediction.     

Extreme climate of the global troposphere and stratosphere in 1940-42 related to El Niño

Although the El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation phenomenon is the most prominent mode of climate variability and affects weather and climate in large parts of the world, its effects on Europe and the high-latitude stratosphere are controversial. Using historical observations and reconstruction techniques, we analyse the anomalous state of the troposphere and stratosphere in the Northern Hemisphere from 1940 to 1942 that occurred during a strong and long-lasting El Ni?o event. Exceptionally low surface temperatures in Europe and the north Pacific Ocean coincided with high temperatures in Alaska. In the lower stratosphere, our reconstructions show high temperatures over northern Eurasia and the north Pacific Ocean, and a weak polar vortex. In addition, there is observational evidence for frequent stratospheric warmings and high column ozone at Arctic and mid-latitude sites. We compare our historical data for the period 1940-42 with more recent data and a 650-year climate model simulation. We conclude that the observed anomalies constitute a recurring extreme state of the global troposphere-stratosphere system in northern winter that is related to strong El Ni?o events.     

Observational responses of stratospheric sudden warming to blocking highs and its feedbacks on the troposphere

The influences of tropospheric blocking high on the stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) and the SSW-induced feedback on the lower atmosphere are analyzed with NCEP (National Center for Environmental Prediction) 2 reanalysis data. Daily mean data from 1979 to 2010 are used to perform statistical and dynamical analyses. According to different distribution features of polar vortex, which can be ascribed to different activities of blocking highs, we have obtained two warming patterns in vortex splitting and displacement patterns. For vortex splitting events, in the Eurasian-North American (ENA) paratype, with disturbances of Atlantic and Aleutian blocking highs, polar vortex is split into two parts that locate at Eurasian and North American continents respectively, while in the Atlantic-East Asian (AEA) paratype, two low-pressure centers derived from the split vortex are situated in the Atlantic and East Asian regions, and two blocking systems occurring in the Urals and North American areas precede these splitting processes. For vortex displacement events, in the Aleutian-Intrusion (AI) paratype, the polar vortex is displaced to the west European and Atlantic areas by the intrusive Aleutian high and this pattern always corresponds to the blocking events occurring in the Pacific basin only. Similarly, the vortex is pushed to the west Eurasian continent by the intrusive North American high-pressure system in the North American-Intrusion (NAI) paratype, which is closely related to the blocking over these areas. The second subject of the research is that whether the anomalous stratospheric signals can be propagated to the lower atmosphere, which is depended on the intensity, duration and position of the disturbed vortex. According to our case studies, geopotential height anomalies can be propagated to the troposphere in strong SSW years, taking about 10-15 d for the decrease from 10 to 500 hPa, leading to apparent variations in the geopotential height and temperature fields.