居住者可控制热环境夏季室内热状况与节能潜力

居住者可使用的各种控制手段(如门、窗和电扇等)对改善室内热状况有着很重要的作用,通过对上海自然通风房间夏季室内外空气温湿度进行连续逐时测量,分别用预测平均评价(PMV)方法和适应性热舒适模型(AM)分析了室内热舒适状况.利用AM估算了可控制室内热环境建筑的节能潜力,这一方法指出,上海地区潜在的节能率为30%.结果表明,提高室内热环境控制方法的可用性与正确使用程度,具有很大的节能潜力.     

不同气候区遮阳控制策略的节能与舒适度优化

遮阳设计是影响建筑能耗及室内光热舒适度的重要原因之一,开启遮阳系统可以减少太阳辐射,降低夏季制冷能耗,减少眩光问题,但同时会导致更高的照明能耗及冬季的供暖能耗.为研究中国寒冷地区和夏热冬暖地区酒店建筑典型遮阳控制策略的节能潜力和环境舒适度,采用Comfen软件模拟量化不同气候区下3种遮阳形式及10种控制策略对能耗及舒适度的影响规律,通过制冷、供热、照明能耗和总能耗、光、热舒适度以及综合优化指数来评估其性能.模拟结果表明:遮阳控制策略会影响建筑能耗和室内舒适度,根据不同优化目标给出其对应的最优控制策略,两气候区对遮阳策略与设计的选择也有所不同,通过分析其差异,为遮阳系统设计提供参考建议.     

室内智能舒适照明控制策略研究

根据工作面照度、邻近区域照度、背景区域照度、工作面均匀度和邻近区域均匀度5个主要因素,建立了视觉评估指标模糊系统模型.针对实际照明需求情况,综合考虑室内照明的整体效果和个性化需求,提出了基于粒子群优化的室内灯具亮度控制策略.通过最大化室内照明系统的视觉效果和节能的综合目标函数,优化控制灯具亮度,达到室内照明舒适、方便并且节能的目的.将灯具布置分为整体和局部照明两种,根据照明需求和人员分布,对灯具亮度控制策略进行仿真研究,结果表明,该方法可以实现节能与舒适的综合最优.     

北外窗遮阳的必要性及遮阳设施的优化选择

首先分析了在空调季上海、厦门两地建筑各朝向表面的太阳直射和散射分布;其次,建立遮阳建筑模拟分析模型,利用Energy-plus软件,分析不同尺寸的固定遮阳板、不同性能的外遮阳卷帘以及不同倾角下的百叶对建筑北向房间的太阳辐射得热和建筑采光的影响,并对各种遮阳设施进行眩光分析,发现使用固定遮阳板和卷帘的眩光总小时数较多;最后,模拟分析北向房间外窗采用不同遮阳设施的全年建筑照明能耗和空调能耗;结果表明,上海地区北外窗采用中反射率中透过率的卷帘节能效果最明显,可调百叶节能效果与卷帘接近,固定遮阳板节能效果不明显;厦门地区北外窗采用可调百叶节能效果最明显,高反射率低透过率的卷帘次之,固定遮阳板节能效果最小;综合考虑节能效果和眩光,上海和厦门两地采用可调百叶遮阳效果最好。     

穿孔金属板表皮建筑室内照度模型与采光性能

近年来,穿孔金属板作为玻璃幕墙的外挂遮阳构件受到建筑师和业主的广泛青睐.为了解决因结构复杂穿孔金属板表皮建筑的采光模拟过程烦琐耗时这一问题,基于全阴天空模型,建立了穿孔金属板表皮建筑室内照度数学模型,以获取工作面特定点的照度值;同时利用光环境模拟软件Radiance对该模型进行验证;最后就穿孔金属板建筑表皮几何参数对室内采光性能的影响进行分析.结果表明:通过室内照度数学模型与Radiance软件数值模拟所得结果的整体误差平均值为3.9％,其证实了模型的准确性与优越性,可为建筑遮阳设计中穿孔金属板几何参数的确定提供快速准确的计算方法,以营造理想的室内光环境.     

夏热冬冷地区低辐射中空玻璃节能研究

本文采用动态能耗模拟软件EnergyPlus分析了夏热冬冷地区低辐射中空玻璃对建筑采光的影响,综合评价了低辐射中空玻璃的节能效果。结果表明,采用高透型Low-E中空玻璃和遮阳型Low-E中空玻璃相对于普通中空玻璃都能够降低建筑的空调能耗。但是遮阳型Low-E中空玻璃会造成建筑的照明能耗增加较多,因此对于采光要求高的房间,高透型Low-E中空玻璃的节能性优于遮阳型Low-E中空玻璃。     

辽滨沿海经济区动态负荷的预测与研究

目的为提升区域规划的科学性,提出典型建筑分类法,以了解地区建筑用能特性.方法采用建筑环境模拟软件DeST,建立了办公类建筑、商场类建筑、宾馆类建筑和住宅类建筑的动态负荷分析模型,针对各类型建筑建筑模型进行逐时动态热负荷模拟.结果通过研究逐时动态负荷,分析商服核心区各类建筑的冷热负荷特性,得到了商服核心区区域建筑全年逐时冷、热负荷的分布情况,通过本方法预测的设计日采暖供热负荷总量比常规方法预测值节能约16%.结论在区域能源规划中引入动态负荷计算方法比传统的计算方法更为科学,可起到节约能源,节省投资的作用,为实现区域能源的供需平衡、高效利用和建筑的低碳节能奠定基础.     

夏热冬冷地区办公建筑外围护结构优化组合

为合理设计建筑外围护结构,有效调整各朝向房间围护结构得热峰值时间,本研究结合计算机仿真模拟与正交试验方法,提出了一种针对夏热冬冷地区办公型建筑围护结构得热调峰优化策略。首先,建立了办公型建筑能耗仿真模型。然后,通过正交试验方法对建筑参数进行显著性分析,在此基础上得出调峰优化设计方案,并进行经济性分析。最后,通过实验台实测数据对结论的准确性进行验证。结果表明：不同朝向房间受遮阳种类、窗墙比、外墙材质等因素的影响程度有所差异;合理利用遮阳设施,设置合适窗墙比和窗户类型,能够改变房间得热峰值出现的时间和大小;建筑经该策略优化后相比于原有建筑围护结构组合经济效益良好,可降低4.9%~23%房间空调季平均冷负荷。可见该优化方法具有实际运用效果,能有效降低建筑能耗。     

办公建筑遮阳-照明开启逻辑的实验研究

通过构筑一个较低照度的室内空间,研究志愿者进入室内后为提高室内照度发生的行为模式,并通过实验后的访谈问卷验证志愿者实际行为与访谈时假想选择行为的一致性,分析其行为结果的主客观原因.结果表明:在较暗的室内,超过80%的志愿者通过升起遮阳帘的方式提高室内照度,16%的志愿者仅依靠人工照明,25%的志愿者同时使用照明和遮阳帘提高室内照度,实验结果与访谈结果一致,对自然采光、通风、室外视野的追求心理和长期的生活习惯是造成该行为模式的主要原因;控制开关的位置对室内人员行为模式有较大影响.根据实验结果提出修正后的遮阳控制逻辑图和相应的概率分布,以促进模拟过程更接近实际情况.     

夏季遮阳对建筑制冷照明能耗的影响

对3种不同遮阳特性的典型卷帘进行了遮阳系数和光学性能的实验测定.提出制冷照明综合能耗以及综合节能系数,构建了相应的典型房间尺寸和窗墙比,以此就遮阳装置对于制冷和照明能耗的全面影响进行综合研判.结果表明,可见光透过率高,遮阳系数低的卷帘更为节能.当窗墙比分别为0.3和0.5时,与标准玻璃相比,所研究卷帘的节能率达到66%和47%.当窗墙比为0.3,使用荧光灯时,对卷帘的开启度进行控制优化较之没有控制的情况节能5.4%.如采用光效较低的卤钨灯,节能率可达20.7%.基于模拟计算结果,在考虑光热环境的情况下节能的遮阳装置应该具有较高的可见光透过率和太阳能直接反射比.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.