禾谷类高效细胞组织培养基

本发明提供了两种禾谷类专用的高效细胞组织培养:基,主要用于禾谷类植物的各类组织培养、细胞工程和基因工程。本工作系统研究了禾谷类离体细胞对无机盐、碳源、有机附加物和生长调节物的需求。在国内外首先或首批发现铵离子浓度、铵态氮和销态氮比例和碳源的种类对禾谷类离体细胞的生长和胚     

水稻体细胞胚状体的诱导及快速繁殖

应用植物组织培养技术诱导体细胞胚胎发生,是细胞工程中快速繁殖的重要手段。对禾谷类植物胚状体的诱导更是人们感兴趣的研究领域。近年研究工作证明了羊草狼尾草、玉米、水稻、黑麦、稗草及其他多种禾谷类植物均可通过胚胎发生途径形成再生植株。本文着重报导水稻不同外植体的体细胞形成胚状体的能力。     

葱莲凝集素基因的克隆

RACCE－PCR技术从葱莲叶片中克隆出葱莲凝集素的全长cDNA，通过比较葱莲同其它石蒜科植物的凝集素基因序列和推测的氨基酸序列，发现葱莲凝集素基因编码一具有信号肽的前体蛋白，葱莲凝集素同其它石蒜科植物凝集素一样为具有3个甘露糖专一结合盒的凝集素。     

半夏凝集素基因的克隆

利用RACE－PCR技术从半夏花序中克隆出半夏凝集素的全长cDNA,通过比较半夏同其他天南星科植物的凝集素基因序列和推测的氨基酸序列,发现半夏凝集素基因编码一具有信号肽的前体蛋白,半夏凝集素同其他天南星科植物凝集素一样,为具有3个甘露糖专一结合盒的凝集素。     

普通野生稻中NBS同源序列的克隆和分析

已知的植物抗病基因大多数具有核苷结合位点（NBS）和富含亮氨酸重复（LRR）。根据NBS的保守区设计引物,应用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）,从普通野生稻基因组中克隆了4个不同的NBS同源序列（OSNBA1－OSNBA4）。同源性比较显示它们均与非TIR类的NBS序列相似,其中,OSNBA1与双子叶植物拟南芥的RPS2基因更接近;OSNBA2－OSNBA4与单子叶植物水稻的XA1、RPR1基因更相似。     

石蒜凝集素基因的克隆

用石蒜科植物凝集素基因的保守序列为引物，利用RACE－PCR技术从石蒜幼嫩叶片中克隆出石蒜凝集素的全长cDNA，通过比较石蒜同其他石蒜科植物凝集素基因序列和推测的氨基酸序列，发现石蒜凝集素基因编码一具有信号肽的前体蛋白，石蒜凝集素同其他石蒜科植物凝集素一样为具有3个甘露糖专一结合盒的凝集素。     

凝集素的分离纯化、基因克隆及功能研究进展

凝集素(lectin)研究近年来发展迅速，尤其在植物基因工程中，植物外源凝集素基因越来越受到重视。本文从凝集素的分离纯化、基因克隆、理化性质和功能等方面进行了综述。此外还讨论了凝集素基因在植物基因工程中的应用。     

国产大蒜凝集素基因的克隆与生物信息学分析

为了获得国产大蒜新的凝集素家族基因,根据NCBI数据库中已公布的大蒜凝集素基因序列设计引物,从国产大蒜的鳞茎中提取总RNA,采用RT-PCR技术分离克隆出一个大蒜凝集素基因,命名为ASA-C。ASA-C全长546 bp,包含1个471 bp的ORF,编码156个氨基酸的多肽。利用网站和分析软件对其进行生物信息学分析。结果 表明：ASA-C与已公布的同源二聚体大蒜凝集素ASAⅡ基因具有较高同源性;推测该基因编码多肽的N端有一典型跨膜结构域的信号肽,多肽序列上有3个甘露糖特异性结合凝集素共有基序（Q-D-N-V-Y）。多重序列比对以及系统进化树的结果 表明大蒜凝集素的保守性很强,这为进一步开发利用大蒜凝集素蛋白的功能奠定了基础。     

番茄中一个抗病基因功能的研究

植物中最大的一类抗病基因(R)编码的蛋白质含有卷曲螺旋结构(coiled-coil,CC)、核苷酸结合位点(nucleotide-binding site,NBS)和富含亮氨基酸的重复序列(leucine-rich repeat,LRR)结构域。R基因以抗病著称。文章通过酵母双杂筛选方式获得了DDI3基因,该基因与番茄中重要功能基因DDB1具有相互作用,而又含有CC-NBS-LRR结构,预测具有R基因抗病性,参与植物抗病。研究中构建了DDI3过表达载体并通过根瘤农杆菌介导转化到野生型番茄中,筛选获得DDI3高表达的阳性转基因株系。通过病菌接种实验,观察植株发病情况和统计细菌菌落数,结果发现,转基因植株的抗病性明显高于野生型番茄。DDI3基因对提高番茄的抗病性有很高的价值,为采用基因工程方法改良番茄植株抗病性做出新的尝试,同时又与番茄DDB1基因具有相互作用,对研究DDB1基因在参与植物抗病途径中的功能研究提供新的方向。     

谷类作物基因组的共线性

谷类是农业生产中最为重要的粮食作物。比较遗传学研究表明,在遗传图谱水平和Mb水平,许多谷类作物的基因组所含基因及基因的顺序均高度保守,但在微观水平上,共线性水平的保守性不高,各物种间存在不同程度的重组。禾谷类作物基因组的共线性分析可为禾本科基因组进化研究提供了重要线索,也有助于其他禾本科物种基因组结构研究。水稻由于具有基因组小、与其他谷类作物共线性水平高等特点而被作为单子叶植物的模式植物。     

应用3’RACE技术扩增仿刺参C型凝集素基因及实验条件的优化

从GenBank上调取刺参C型凝集素（C-type Lectin）基因序列EST,根据此序列设计RACE引物,采用PCR扩增技术得到了仿刺参C-type Lectin基因序列（EST）,根据这段EST序列设计1个基因特异引物（GSPF）,与通用引物（UPM）扩增,成功地克隆到了该基因的3’末端序列.同时,对仿刺参C型凝集素基因3’克隆的实验条件进行了优化.该扩增片段长度为670bp,与已知序列重叠部分为417bp.经测序和比对发现该段序列与预期的目标基因的序列一致.     

The genome sequence and structure of rice chromosome 1

The rice species Oryza sativa is considered to be a model plant because of its small genome size, extensive genetic map, relative ease of transformation and synteny with other cereal crops. Here we report the essentially complete sequence of chromosome 1, the longest chromosome in the rice genome. We summarize characteristics of the chromosome structure and the biological insight gained from the sequence. The analysis of 43.3 megabases (Mb) of non-overlapping sequence reveals 6,756 protein coding genes, of which 3,161 show homology to proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana, another model plant. About 30% (2,073) of the genes have been functionally categorized. Rice chromosome 1 is (G + C)-rich, especially in its coding regions, and is characterized by several gene families that are dispersed or arranged in tandem repeats. Comparison with a draft sequence indicates the importance of a high-quality finished sequence.     

A kappa-immunoglobulin gene is formed by site-specific recombination without further somatic mutation.

The active gene for a kappa light chain is formed by a somatic recombination event that joins one of several hundred variable region genes to one of a series of recombination sites (J-segments) encoded close to the kappa constant region gene. The nucleotide sequences of cloned germ line and somatically recombined genes define the precise organisation of these genetic segments and the site and nature of the recombination event that joined them. Apart from somatic recombination, no further alteration of ther germ line sequence has occurred. The J-segment is of special interest as it encodes signals for both DNA and RNA splicing and provides a means of generating further immunoglobulin gene diversity.     

The protein-coding sequence of the bovine ACTH-beta-LPH precursor gene is split near the signal peptide region

The pituitary hormones corticotropin (ACTH) and beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH) are formed from a large common precursor. Recently, we have elucidated the whole primary structure of the bovine ACTH-beta-LPH precursor (designated alternatively as preproopiocortin) by determining the nucleotide sequence of cloned DNA complementary to the mRNA coding for the precursor protein. The amino acid sequence assigned has disclosed a characteristic repetitive structure of the ACTH-beta-LPH precursor. The repetitive units of the precursor protein each contain a melanotropin (MSH) sequence (alpha-, beta- or gamma-MSH) as well as other peptide components such as beta-endorphin and corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP). The repetitive units as well as their peptide components are each bounded by paired basic amino acid residues, which apparently represent the sites of proteolytic processing. Several studies have confirmed the translational initiation site and protein structure assigned (see also ref. 11 and refs therein). In view of the recent knowledge about the organization of eukaryotic genes (see refs 12, 13 for reviews), it would be of particular interest to investigate the relationship between the repetitive structure of the ACTH-beta-LPH precursor containing different functional components and the arrangement of the protein-coding sequence in its gene. We have now isolated and characterized bovine genomic DNA fragments encoding this precursor protein and have demonstrated that the protein sequence is encoded by two non-consecutive DNA segments. An intron (intervening sequence) of approximately 2.2 kilobase pairs separates the smaller exon (mRNA-coding sequence), which contains the gene sequence encoding the signal peptide, from the larger exon, which contains the gene sequence for most of the protein structure, including the known biologically active component peptides.     

Activating mutations in ALK provide a therapeutic target in neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma, an embryonal tumour of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, accounts for approximately 15% of all deaths due to childhood cancer. High-risk neuroblastomas are rapidly progressive; even with intensive myeloablative chemotherapy, relapse is common and almost uniformly fatal. Here we report the detection of previously unknown mutations in the ALK gene, which encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase, in 8% of primary neuroblastomas. Five non-synonymous sequence variations were identified in the kinase domain of ALK, of which three were somatic and two were germ line. The most frequent mutation, F1174L, was also identified in three different neuroblastoma cell lines. ALK complementary DNAs encoding the F1174L and R1275Q variants, but not the wild-type ALK cDNA, transformed interleukin-3-dependent murine haematopoietic Ba/F3 cells to cytokine-independent growth. Ba/F3 cells expressing these mutations were sensitive to the small-molecule inhibitor of ALK, TAE684 (ref. 4). Furthermore, two human neuroblastoma cell lines harbouring the F1174L mutation were also sensitive to the inhibitor. Cytotoxicity was associated with increased amounts of apoptosis as measured by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL). Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of ALK expression in neuroblastoma cell lines with the F1174L mutation also resulted in apoptosis and impaired cell proliferation. Thus, activating alleles of the ALK receptor tyrosine kinase are present in primary neuroblastoma tumours and in established neuroblastoma cell lines, and confer sensitivity to ALK inhibition with small molecules, providing a molecular rationale for targeted therapy of this disease.