换热器表面疏水涂层的制备及性能测试

在可溶性聚四氟乙烯(PFA)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)及环氧树脂(EP)中添加纳米二氧化硅等材料，制备了应用于冷凝式换热器表面的超疏水自清洁性复合涂层。对复合涂层进行接触角、导热系数、耐磨性、结合强度及自清洁性测试，研究其综合性能。测试结果表明，含7.5%～9.4%纳米SiO₂的PFA涂层与含1.4%～2.3%纳米SiO₂的PTFE涂层接触角均在150°以上，其表面自清洁性优异。添加0.8%～1.7%的石墨可将涂层的导热系数由0.2 W·m^-1·K^-1提升至2 W·m^-1·K^-1以上。涂层的耐磨性随SiC含量的增加而提升，对于PFA超疏水涂层，添加SiC能使涂层被砂纸打磨后仍能保持良好的疏水性。EP涂层的结合强度达ASTM(美国材料与试验协会)等级5B,PFA涂层为4B,PTFE涂层为3B。     

超疏水表面黏附性对冷凝传热的影响

表面黏附性对冷凝液滴的成核、生长和脱离过程有重要影响。为进一步提高表面的冷凝传热系数,制备亲水、超疏水高黏附和超疏水低黏附3类表面,在不同蒸汽压力及风冷条件下,研究表面黏附性、压力、加热功率和冷却功率等因素对冷凝传热的影响。研究结果表明:由于超疏水高黏附表面的液滴易成核但不易脱离,而超疏水低黏附表面的液滴极易脱离,因此,在相同压力和过冷度下,超疏水低黏附表面的换热系数远大于超疏水高黏附表面的换热系数;在过冷度为4.0 K的常压条件下,超疏水低黏附和高黏附表面换热系数分别是亲水表面换热系数的4.99倍和1.77倍;在同一风冷功率和加热功率下,超疏水低黏附表面的过冷度明显小于超疏水高黏附表面的过冷度。     

石蜡相变混凝土的制备及热工性能研究

为了研究添加石蜡相变微胶囊对混凝土热工性能的影响,在混凝土中采用相变温度为28℃的石蜡相变微胶囊等体积替换砂,制备石蜡相变混凝土,并对其进行导热系数、比热容性能试验.试验结果表明：掺有石蜡相变微胶囊的混凝土导热系数低于普通硅酸盐混凝土.当石蜡相变微胶囊掺量(体积分数)为10%时,导热系数为6.11 k J·m^-1·h^-1·℃^-1,是普通混凝土导热系数的89.1%.当石蜡相变微胶囊相变材料温度为14℃(低于相变温度)时,其加入对混凝土比热容影响不大;当石蜡相变微胶囊相变材料温度为32℃(高于相变温度),且其掺量(体积分数)为10%时,石蜡相变混凝土比热容为1.42 k J·kg^-1·℃^-1,比普通混凝土的提高了18.3%.     

相变蓄热材料导热系数对太阳能通风墙性能的影响

通过对相变蓄热型太阳能烟囱模型通风蓄放热变化过程的计算,分析比较不同相变蓄热墙导热系数对太阳能烟囱性能的影响.计算结果表明:吸热板最大表面温度随着相变蓄热墙导热系数的增大越接近相变蓄热墙的相变温度;蓄热阶段,入口平均风速随着相变蓄热墙导热系数的增大而减小;放热阶段,入口平均风速随着相变蓄热墙导热系数的增大反而越大;相变蓄热墙导热系数越大,蓄热型太阳能烟囱系统16 h的累计通风量越高,但在导热系数增大到0.66 W·(m·K)^-1后,再增大材料导热系数,累计通风量几乎不再增加.     

省煤器表面耐腐超导热石墨烯复合涂层的性能

为解决燃煤电厂省煤器的磨损及腐蚀问题,同时不影响其换热性能,通过添加石墨烯改性瓷釉,并采用喷涂技术制备新型石墨烯复合涂层.对石墨烯复合涂层进行扫描电子显微镜试验、硬度测试、静态硫酸腐蚀试验、导热性能测试及拉伸试验,研究其性能.试验结果表明,石墨烯复合涂层的结构致密,孔隙率小且硬度大,耐磨、耐腐性能良好,可以有效地保护基体材料.石墨烯复合涂层的导热系数达到38 W·(m·K)~(-1),远优于传统的陶瓷涂层.     

太阳辐射对高温热管接收器传热的影响

为了研究高温热管太阳能接收器的传热性能,研究了其基本传热元件--高温热管在相应工作条件下的导热性能.基于高温热管半周向加热条件下传热特性试验的结论,研究了高温热管接收器工作时太阳辐射与热管温差的对应关系,从而得出太阳直射辐射与高温热管当量导热系数的关系.研究结果表明:太阳辐射强度对高温热管的当量导热系数具有重要影响,随着太阳辐射的增强,高温热管当量导热系数不断增大,当太阳辐照度1000W/m2时,当量导热系数达11400W/(m·K).表明高温热管太阳能接收器在工作环境中,太阳辐射越强,传热性能越好.     

竹结构建筑外墙热工性能测试与分析

为了对已建成竹结构建筑外墙的热工性能进行评价,采用控温箱-热流计法对现代竹结构抗震安居房外墙(抹灰和挂板两种饰面)传热阻进行了实测与分析。结果表明:控温箱-热流计法测试竹材墙体传热阻时误差较大,影响墙体传热阻的主要因素为竹材墙体内部结构组成及测试位置; 抹灰饰面外墙平均实测传热阻为1.52(m²·K)/W,传热系数为0.66 W/(m²·K),可应用在夏热冬冷、夏热冬暖地区,4层及以上建筑可达到节能65%标准; 挂板饰面外墙平均实测传热阻为2.71(m²·K)/W,传热系数为0.37 W/(m²·K),可以应用在夏热冬冷、寒冷地区和严寒地区,并达到节能65%的标准。     

大量不凝性气体存在时不同润湿性传热管冷凝传热特性实验研究

为了提高大量不凝性气体存在时水蒸气的冷凝传热性能,实现对电力、化工、制冷等工业领域中余热的高效回收利用,基于水平管外冷凝传热实验系统,实验研究了氮气-水蒸气混合气体在不同润湿性光滑管和翅片管表面的润湿特性和冷凝传热特性。通过化学刻蚀与自组装方法对紫铜光滑管与翅片管表面进行疏水与超疏水改性处理,并且根据仿生原理,制备了亲水+疏水组合翅片管表面与亲水+超疏水组合翅片管表面。研究发现,当大量不凝性气体存在时,亲水+超疏水组合翅片管的冷凝传热特性最优,水蒸气体积分数对不同润湿性传热管的冷凝传热特性影响显著,并且随着水蒸气体积分数增大,超疏水翅片管和亲水+超疏水组合翅片表面的冷凝形式由珠状冷凝逐渐向膜状冷凝过渡。     

波槽管管外PTFE涂层滴状冷凝换热实验研究

波槽管是近期开发的一种强化管．为获得更好的传热效果，在波槽管管外敷设了聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）涂层，以得到滴状冷凝来改善管外换热状况．介绍了普通光管、波槽管、25μm涂层圆管、25μm和8μm涂层波槽管的凝结换热实验结果，并对其进行了分析．涂层圆管和涂层波槽管表面均得到了持续、良好的滴状冷凝，8μm涂层波槽管在略高于大气压的蒸汽环境中获得了最大的传热系数．     

复合助剂改性泡沫石膏的保温性能研究

以探索制备防火、耐水、保温、便于现场拌制且易于连续铺贴的外墙保温材料为目的,采用石膏为基材,以差皂粉、水泥、引气剂和铝粉膏为复合助剂组分,以导热系数为指标,采用L9(34)正交试验方法,研究了复合助剂对泡沫石膏保温性能的影响。结果表明:复合助剂能有效地降低石膏的导热系数,提高其保温性能,在选定的因素水平范围内,复合助剂改性泡沫石膏的导热系数分布在0.088~0.129 W/(K·m),保温性能良好;当复合助剂的组成为水泥掺量30%,差皂粉掺量0.35%,引气剂掺量50%,铝粉膏掺量1/1 300时,泡沫石膏的导热系数仅为0.088 W/(K·m),保温性能最好。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.