低温余热回收用涡旋膨胀机性能模拟研究

采用R123为循环工质,建立了应用于低温余热回收系统中涡旋膨胀机工作过程的数学模型,分析了吸、排气损失和泄漏、传热对涡旋膨胀机工作过程的影响.结果表明:涡旋膨胀机实际工作过程与理论过程存在偏差,吸气和排气过程存在压力损失,整个过程中伴随着泄漏与热传递;膨胀腔内工质的质量在吸气结束时低于理论值,膨胀过程中工质的质量先减小再增大;实际输气量和输出功率随转速的增加而增大,但增加量随转速的增加而减小;容积效率随转速的增加而增大;降低径向和轴向间隙可以提高膨胀机的容积效率.     

CO2滑片膨胀机热力过程试验研究

为了提高制冷系统的效率，研制了滑片膨胀机，以替代跨临界CO2制冷循环中的节流阈．利用膨胀机气缸上2只相隔一定角度的压力传感器，获得了工作腔内压力随转角变化的完整曲线（p-θ图），并通过p-θ图分析了膨胀机的内部热力过程．结果表明：研制的滑片膨胀机能够实现连续、稳定的膨胀过程，但严重的内部泄漏使得膨胀过程中的压力下降非常迅速，并导致过度膨胀现象发生；[第一段]     

CO2跨临界循环双缸滚动活塞膨胀机的设计与分析

二氧化碳跨临界循环需要利用膨胀机回收功以提高循环效率．在单缸滚动活塞膨胀机的基础上,提出了双缸滚动活塞膨胀机,分析了进气控制结构,进气管中余隙容积的存在会损失一部分膨胀功;分析了两缸内工作腔的吸气、膨胀、排气过程;在一定工况下,设计了双缸并联滚动活塞膨胀机;根据设计的结构参数进行了运动分析和受力计算上下两缸的活塞与滑板之间的摩擦力以及活塞上的气体力是平衡的,只需要平衡惯性力矩即可。     

CO2滑片膨胀机热力过程的试验研究

为了提高制冷系统的效率,研制了滑片膨胀机,以替代跨临界CO2制冷循环中的节流阀.利用膨胀机气缸上2只相隔一定角度的压力传感器,获得了工作腔内压力随转角变化的完整曲线(p-θ图),并通过p-θ图分析了膨胀机的内部热力过程.研究结果表明:所研制的滑片膨胀机能够实现连续、稳定的膨胀过程,但严重的内部泄漏使得膨胀过程中的压力下降非常迅速,并导致过度膨胀现象发生;通过在滑片底部设置弹簧,改善滑片与气缸内壁之间的密封,在p-θ图上能观察到膨胀过程趋于理想的情况;在膨胀机的进、出口之间密封圆弧处增加密封条,可以显著提高膨胀机的进、出口压力差,说明该处泄漏得到大幅减少;所研制的膨胀机绝热效率在20%左右,且随转速的改变没有明显的变化,降低高压差下的气体泄漏是今后样机改进的重点.     

跨临界CO2系统用膨胀机的开发与模型分析

为了提高跨临界CO2循环系统的效率,提出了一种不需要吸气控制阀的新型CO2系统用的双滚动转子式膨胀机机构.通过建立相应数学模型,对CO2制冷剂在该膨胀机内部的膨胀过程及主要部件受力状况进行了分析,为该新型膨胀机的后续开发研制提供基础.     

喷油螺杆压缩机指示图的试验研究

为了深入了解压缩机内部的微观工作过程,从而给压缩机参数的优化设计提供可靠的试验依据,通过安装在阴转子齿根处的压力传感器,测同从吸气过程中段至排气过程完毕时基元容积中压力的变化,得到了压缩机的一个基元容积内气体工作过程的指示图,通过比较不同工况下的指示图及相应的热力性能,分析了排气压力,转速及喷油量等设计参数对喷油螺杆压缩机热力性能的影响,研究结果表明：在较宽广的排气压力范围内,指示图上并未出现明显的等容压缩,转速对指示图及热力性能的影响不大,喷油量控制在压缩机容积流量的1％－2％时,压缩机性能较优;为了避免排气过程末期明显的压力突升现象,应在排气端盖上设置导流槽。     

小型低温余热发电系统膨胀机输出特性试验研究

依据有机朗肯循环原理,采用R123作为循环工质、涡旋膨胀机作为能量回收机械,建立了小型低温余热发电试验系统,分析了相同热源入口温度和流量、不同工质流量的两种工况下膨胀机转速对系统性能的影响.结果表明:涡旋膨胀机的吸气压力和吸气温度随转速的增加而降低,排气压力和排气温度随转速的增加而增加;系统发电功率和系统热电效率随着转速的增加而降低;涡旋膨胀机的容积效率随着转速的增加而增加.两种工况下系统最大发电功率分别为0.66 kW和0.62kW,最大系统热电效率均为2.1%,容积效率变化范围分别为38.5%～56.5%和39.7%～60.0%.     

自由活塞膨胀机-直线发电机的性能研究

开发了一款用于小型车用有机朗肯循环(ORC)余热回收系统的新型自由活塞膨胀机-直线发电机(FPE-LG),并设计了一种新型配气机构来控制工质的进排气过程;基于压缩空气试验平台,对FPE-LG的运动特性、输出性能和指示效率进行了试验研究.结果表明:配气正时对FPE-LG的运动特性和输出性能具有重要影响;活塞组件的行程和速度随着进气角的增加而增大,随着排气角的减小而减小;优化配气正时可以明显改善直线发电机的输出性能,在进气角为60°、排气角为180°的条件下,当进气压力为1.9×10~5 Pa、工作频率为2 Hz、外接负载电阻为9Ω时,FPE-LG的峰值电压的最大值为13 V、峰值功率的最大值为18.6 W;随着外接负载电阻的增加,活塞组件的行程和速度呈现增加的趋势,FPE-LG的峰值电压和峰值功率增大;FPE-LG的指示效率随着外接负载电阻的增加而减小,当进气压力为1.9×10~5 Pa、工作频率为3 Hz、外接负载电阻为3Ω时,FPE-LG的指示效率为66.2%.     

CO2跨临界循环滚动活塞膨胀机的研究与开发--试验测试部分

为提高CO2跨临界循环的效率，降低系统的节流损失，用CO2膨胀机代替系统中的节流阀，并对其回收膨胀功进行了研究，设计和开发了两代CO2滚动活塞膨胀机样机，给出了两代CO2膨胀机的特点，同时进行了试验对比．试验测试结果表明滚动活塞形式的膨胀机在超临界和两相区运行是可行的．第二代膨胀机明显优于第一代膨胀机，可见采取的降低泄漏、减小摩擦等措施非常有效．膨胀机在CO2跨临界循环中运行，存在最佳转速，使膨胀机的输出功率达到最大。     

双螺杆水蒸气膨胀机的研究与开发

针对双螺杆水蒸气膨胀机的工作过程进行了理论研究,结果表明,在欠、过膨胀工作过程中回收功减少,且当压差相等时欠膨胀引起的做功能力下降幅度较小。通过研究内容积比、进口蒸汽热力参数和欠、过膨胀对双螺杆水蒸气膨胀机回收功和容积流量影响时发现:内容积比存在最优值,其可使膨胀机回收功最大;欠膨胀会导致膨胀功下降,膨胀机的容积流量减少。由此,提出了双螺杆膨胀机的经济性设计思路:在大中型双螺杆膨胀机的设计时宜采用欠膨胀工况,使膨胀终了压力接近且略大于出口背压,相应的内容积比小于最优内容积比。采用该思路进行设计,不仅可以得到较好的回收功,而且可使得膨胀机容积流量减少、经济性提高,为指导双螺杆膨胀机的设计提供借鉴。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.