超光速研究中的几个理论问题

宇宙早期的强子时期,光速比c大,实际上可达v＝７５c。故光速随时间缓慢减小,从v降低到今天 的值（c）。另一方面,根据对１２８个类星体吸收线的测量,在过去的６～１２Ga期间,精细结构常数α平均增大 了６×１０－６,科学家们认为可能是光速变化造成的。对上述效应进行研究以了解宇宙的过去是有趣的。还深入讨 论了超光速研究中的一些问题———微观粒子速度的定义,引力速度,量子纠缠态作用速度以及超距作用。对这 些概念有了更准确的理解。     

精细结构常数的测量和光速的变化

简述了精细结构常数（FSC）的定义和测量，介绍了J.Webb等人根据对遥远的类星体观测发现的FSC异常。他们所分析的光是宇宙早期时天体发出的光，发现那时α之值较小，故认为宇宙早期时光速值较大。介绍了P.Davies等最近提出的理论观点，认为在创世大爆炸时光速非常大，据此容易解释宇宙的大尺度均匀性；如光速可变，就必须重新审查关于时空的理论（狭义相对论SR）。为了解释Webb实验，本提出了一个新观点，即认为在宇宙的早期光子速度较快、能量较大，亦即在那时光速值（c)和Planck常数值（h)均具有高于目前标准的数据。     

精细结构常数的测量和光速的变化

简述了精细结构常数(FSC)的定义和测量,介绍了J.Webb等人根据对遥远的类星体观测发现的FSC异常.他们所分析的光是宇宙早期时天体发出的光,发现那时α之值较小,故认为宇宙早期时光速值较大.介绍了P.Davies等于最近提出的理论观点,认为在创世大爆炸时光速非常大,据此容易解释宇宙的大尺度均匀性;如光速可变,就必须重新审查关于时空的理论(狭义相对论SR).为了解释Webb实验,本文提出了一个新观点,即认为在宇宙的早期光子速度较快、能量较大,亦即在那时光速值(c)和Planck常数值(h)均具有高于目前标准值的数据.     

光速c：颠覆经典物理学的常数

相对论和量子力学是整个现代物理学的根基，它们分别依赖于两个基本常数：光速c和普朗克常数h。或许，光速c被命名为爱因斯坦常数更合适，因为是爱因斯坦赋予了这个最无神秘色彩的物理学基本常数一些神奇的意义，使得光成为人类探索微观世界和宇宙奥秘的最有力探针。本期“特别策划”，讲述的就是与光和光速有关的科学故事。     

用玻尔原子模型轨道能量与光子能量比解精细结构常数

用玻尔原子模型轨道能量与光子能量比的方式,对精细结构常数值的求解作了论证;对以玻尔原子模型轨道速度V与光速c比的精细结构常数值求解,与玻尔原子模型轨道能量与光子能量比的同值性作了分析;并论证了由速度比定义的精细结构常数,是一般式玻尔原子模型轨道能量与光子能量比的特解。     

究竟是谁在变--由精细结构常数变化引发的问题与挑战

一、精细结构常数在自然科学中的重要地位20世纪上半期 ,电子的量子理论建立起来。设电子质量为m ,电荷为( -e) ,真空中光速为c ,则可算出e2/mc2=2.8×10 -13cm ,其值约为电子的经典半径。另一方面 ,令h为Planck常数 ,h/mc为电子的Compton波长。如取两者之比 ,则得一无量纲常数 :α= e2c=2πe2hc 1137 (1)它表征基本电荷相互作用的强弱 ;后来发现 ,为描写基本粒子与电磁场相互作用的大小必须用α ,故又称为精细结构常数(finestructureconstant,FSC)。我们知道 ,氢原子的超精细结构裂距是指该原子两状态的能量差 ,状态一为轨道电子自旋与…     

北宋邵雍数学学派与几个无量纲常数诠释

中国传统象数学来源于对云雷纹等复杂现象长期的研究积累，是东方有机自然观的符号表述体系．北宋邵雍（公元１０１１—１０７７年）数学学派在此基础上从研究系统演化的对称结构入手，推演出系统自相似倍周期自发演化普适理论即观物论．基于这一理论本文找到了具有普适意义的几个无量纲物理学经验常数的统一解释，从而有希望成为沟通东西方两大思考体系的契机：（Ⅰ）通过与混沌理论对比初步研究，找到了与费根包姆常数相应的定义和取值．（Ⅱ）据现时宇宙的时空特性导出相应的测量模型和特征值１３７．０３５９８８２２，此即精细结构常数的一种解释．（Ⅲ）据极早期宇宙时空特性导出相应的测量模型和特征值４１．０１１２６８，此即ＳＵ（５）耦合常数的一种解释．（Ⅳ）在观物论关于太极图与宇宙的讨论中，表征能量、作用力等物象的阳仪的最大相对值２．６５２８８６１０３９，表征时间、静态结构等物象的阴仪的最大相对值为６．６３２２１０３９，此即狄拉克大数的一个解释     

Proca电磁理论的若干问题

2004年6月，位于西非Oklo的美国Los Alamos实验室的核工业反应堆对实验数据做再分析后得出结论说，近20亿年内精细结构常数减小了4.5×10-8。常数不常，意味着光速有很小的变化。这是最新的与狭义相对论不符的实验报告。另一方面，光子如有质量，Maxwell方程组将被Proca方程组所取代，而磁矢位（势）A将成为可观测量。而过去和现在都有许多方法测量光子的质量。文章的主要目的是在Proca理论框架内研究电磁波波速，发现即使在自由空间（真空）条件下也会出现超光速传播；同时又对波导与Proca波的截止现象做了比较，给出了相应的结果。     

自然常数会变吗

这些数不多，但神秘，常常令人耳目一新。它们赫然出现在最富创新性的理论中，对整个学术界起到了推陈出新的作用，然后平凡无奇地被沿用下去。从牛顿的万有引力到爱因斯坦的光速无不诠释了宇宙中最重要常数的深远影响。不过，仍然有一个令科学家们难以泰然处之的疑问：如果它们不是一成不变的呢?     

Chaplygin气体与精细结构常数的宇宙学演化(英文)

Chaplygin气体作为暗能量的候选者,可以由标量场来实现.该标量场又同时使得精细结构常数α随着宇宙的演化而演化.在十多年之前,人们对类星体的观测中发现了这一现象,并引起了国内外学者的广泛关注.本文作者考虑了各种Chaplygin气体模型,并与试验进行比较,发现只要暗能量的状态方程参数不是严格等于-1,这些模型都能很好地解释Δα/α的变化.此外,等效原理依然是成立的.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to