Distribution of sand dunes and sand shifts along the southern fringe of the Mu Us Desert since the Ming Dynasty

This article takes the two segments of the Ming Great Walls, Dabian and Erbian, and their associated barracks and forts as geographical references. Based on a detailed scrutiny of historical records of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and on field surveys, the southern boundaries of the sand dunes and sand shifts of the Mu Us Desert in the Ming and Qing dynasties are carefully reconstructed. A comparison of the southern boundaries of the sand dunes and sand shifts of the Mu Us Desert in Ming and Qing with the modern boundary revealed in remote sensing imagery clearly shows that the southern boundary of dunes and shifts in the Mu us Desert has expanded only in a few areas and on a small scale. In the area to the south of Changle Fort, along the direction of annually prevailing winds, sand drifts have penetrated through the Jialu River valley into the loess region and have formed a sand strip of 32 km long and 3 km wide. To the east of Qingping Fort, sand drifts penetrated toward the eastern loess region through the Luhe River valley and have formed another sand strip of 8 km long and 2 km wide. Generally speaking, though the intensity of human activity has been increasing in this area since the Ming Dynasty, the Mu Us Desert has not significantly expanded toward the southeast or southwest. The sand-loess boundary in the southern fringe of the Mu Us Desert has been almost unchanged since the Ming Dynasty.     

基于年代数据的青藏高原东北部全新世风沙活动研究

本文对青藏高原东北部全新世风成沉积剖面的年代数据应用概率密度方法结合年代数据分布情况重建了该区全新世风沙活动历史.结果表明:青藏高原东北部早全新世风沙活动强烈,但也存在不同尺度的空间差异,表现在共和盆地、柴达木盆地及青海湖盆地风成砂都广泛发育,但青海湖盆地同期还有古土壤发育,冬给措纳湖流域在这一时期也有少量的风成砂层出现;中全新世古土壤广泛发育,风沙活动较弱,整个东北部具有较好的一致性;晚全新世以来,柴达木盆地和冬给措纳湖流域风成砂发育较好,而共和盆地古土壤广泛发育,同时青海湖盆地风成砂和古土壤均有出现,说明风沙活动强度的区域差异较大,这可能是由于局部地区受到了人为活动强烈干扰的影响.风沙活动强度与区域有效湿度密切相关,区域有效湿度较高时,风沙活动较弱;反之,风沙活动较强.另外,大面积湖泊的存在使得青海湖盆地和冬给措纳湖流域全新世风沙活动的特点与柴达木盆地和共和盆地不尽相同,湖泊水位与湖泊增湿降温效应的相互关系以及物源供给特点可能是造成这一现象的原因.年代数据的概率密度方法相对于频率统计直方图具有一定的优势,充分利用了单个年代数据符合正态分布的特点,能够反映年代数据的范围和精度.     

远源地下水入侵阿拉善高原沙漠:酸溶物Sr同位素证据

选取北方西－东向气候剖面上物质组成相似的四个沙漠（塔克拉玛干、巴丹吉林、腾格里和毛乌素）,测定其地表沙酸溶物87Sr/86Sr比值、Ca2+和Sr2+浓度。Ca2+和Sr2+浓度相关性极好,在降雨量低的塔克拉玛干沙漠中最高,向东逐渐降低,在降雨量多的毛乌素沙漠中最低。降雨量是控制阳离子浓度变化的主导因素。酸溶物87Sr/86Sr比值在四个沙漠中有不同于阳离子变化的区域特征。塔克拉玛干沙漠酸溶物87Sr/86Sr比值在0.71以下,巴丹吉林和腾格里沙漠的大于0.7112,而毛乌素沙漠的在0.71-0.7112之间变化。塔克拉玛干和毛乌素沙漠地表沙酸溶物87Sr/86Sr比值仅受气候变化的制约。巴丹吉林和腾格里沙漠除了受气候因素影响外还受其它因素的制约,最可能的就是远源地下水。经计算,远源地下水对巴丹吉林沙漠的影响份额为47%,对腾格里沙漠为44%,接近气候因素的影响。     

蒙陕交界地区风沙活动规律及其防治

在描述库布齐沙漠和毛乌素沙地沙丘基底地形之后，分析了流动沙丘分布规律与基底地形的关系。在明确沙地形成时代概念的基础上，论证了该沙漠与沙地分布范围上的稳定性，库布齐沙漠为扩展型的，毛乌素沙地属稳定型的。库布齐沙漠的风沙危害包含了直接与间接危害２种类型；毛乌素沙地风沙危害主要是沙丘再流动，有３种危害途径，最后，根据毛乌素沙地沙丘分布规律，分析了引起沙丘再流动的人为因素和自然因素，及其各自所占的比重。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with the clonal plants in Mu Us sandland of China

Clonal plants in Mu Us sandland change the sandy enviroment. The clonal plant is a kind of resource in restoration of the Mu Us sandy landscape. Soil samples at depth of 50 cm in the rhizosphere of the clonal plants were collected in 4 replicates at each location and divided into sections corresponding to 0—10, 10—20, 20—30, 30—40 and 40—50 cm depths in two representative sites from north to south in Mu Us sandland, northwestern China, in July 2005. Clonal plants included Psammochloa villosa and Hedysarum laeve. The colonization and ecological distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were investigated in the rhizosphere of clonal plants in Mu Us sandland. The results showed that the clonal plants established well symbiosis with AM fungi; AM fungal species and spatial distribution were significantly related with the host plants and soil factors. Of 16 AM fungal taxa in three genera isolated and identified, Glomus multicaule was only observed in the rhizosphere of Psammochloa villosa; Glomus aggregatum, Glomus hydembadensis, Glomus constrictum and Acaulospora rehmii only appeared in the rhizosphere of Hedysarum leave. The depth of soil layers observably affected the spore density and the frequency of colonization (%F). The maximal %F and spore density occurred in the 10—20 cm layer at the site of Ordos Sandy Land Ecological Station, but which occurred in the 0—10 cm layer in Shanxi Yulin Rare Sandy-plants Conversation Field. AM fungal status and colonization might be used to monitor desertification and soil degradation.     

毛乌素沙地沙柳人工林最优平茬周期的确定

摘要 针对毛乌素沙地沙柳人工林衰退问题,从防风固沙角度探讨沙柳林最佳平茬周期,为今后平茬作业提供理论依据。以毛乌素沙地丘间低地沙柳人工林为研究对象,测定平茬后不同林龄沙柳林林内粗糙度和风速廓线与林后沙丘迎风坡粗糙度,分析确定出兼顾沙柳特殊平茬生态学特性和防风固沙效益的最佳平茬周期。试验结果表明：沙柳在平茬后第4a,林内粗糙度呈现最大值,地表比较稳定,之后开始出现下降趋势;沙柳林林后沙丘迎风坡的粗糙度在平茬后初期,地表粗糙度低于起沙时粗糙度,易发生风蚀现象,之后随着沙柳的生长,平茬后第3a开始,林后7H（H为沙柳平均高度）内地表粗糙度均大于起沙时粗糙度,沙柳林对林后迎风坡防护效果较好,而4a后,沙柳林防风能力下降,地表粗糙度下降,地表抗风蚀能力减弱。研究得出沙柳林最优的平茬周期为4年。     

Comparisons of grain size characteristics of red earth from southern China with that of loess and dune sand from Beijing region

The comparisons of grain size distributions among eolian deposits along the monsoon wind trajectory are a fundamental task for the reconstruction of the past wind regimes. Here the authors sampled the dune sands in Hunsandak desert, loess deposits in Beijing region and red earth in southern China. Grain size analyses show that the distribution models of the loess and dune sand samples are unimodal whereas the red earth and paleosol are polymodal. The red earth, paleosol, loess and dune samples are distinguished and closely related to one another in grain size parameter diagrams. Moreover, the grain size distributions and parameters of the red earth and paleosol are similar, implying that the red earth in southern China and the paleosol in northern China had the same origin.     

Comparisons of grain size characteristics of red earth from southern China with that of loess and dune sand from Bering region

The comparisons of grain size distributions among eolian deposits along the monsoon wind trajectory are a fundamental task for the reconstruction of the past wind regimes. Here the authors sampled the dune sands in Hunsandak desert, loess deposits in Beijing region and red earth in southern China. Grain size analyses show that the distribution models of the loess and dune sand samples are unimodal whereas the red earth and paleosol are polymodal. The red earth, paleosol, loess and dune samples are distinguished and closely related to one another in grain size parameter diagrams. Moreover, the grain size distributions and parameters of the red earth and paleosol are similar, implying that the red earth in southern China and the paleosol in northern China had the same origin.     

沙漠砂对水泥砂浆和混凝土性能的影响

在对腾格里沙漠砂和毛乌素沙地砂化学组成及物理性质测定的基础上，进行了沙漠砂配置砂浆和混凝土的试验研究．试验结果表明，腾格里沙漠砂和毛乌素沙地砂可以作为工程用砂，用于抹面砂浆和一般土木工程中的混凝土细骨料．     

粘土矿物分析及其指示的气候意义 ——以毛乌素沙漠滴哨沟湾为例

以毛乌素沙漠东南缘萨拉乌苏河流域滴哨沟湾剖面DGS1层段为代表,对其粘土矿物组成进行分析.结果显示,DGS1层段粘土矿物以石英、钾长石、钠长石、伊利石、蒙脱石、方解石和绿泥石为主,各层位均不含高岭石.各种沉积相矿物组成基本一致,说明该地区的矿物来源基本一致.不同沉积相粘土矿物含量不尽相同,沙丘砂、次生黄土中的石英、长石、伊利石、绿泥石等代表干、寒气候的粘土矿物含量高,湖沼相中的蒙脱石、方解石等代表暖湿气候的粘土矿物含量高,个别湖沼相层位出现了白云石.粘土矿物组分表现出萨拉乌苏河流域全新世气候特征:本地区全新世总体偏冷干,各沉积相缺失高岭石而均存在绿泥石可为证明;本地区全新世气候分为两个主要气候阶段,早期到中期堆积湖沼相为主的时期气候相对温暖湿润;中期以后到现在堆积次生黄土和沙丘砂的阶段气候相对寒冷干燥.     

西北旱区高原沙地调查和基本性质试验

通过对鄂尔多斯高原沙地和阿拉善高原沙地的调查和现场取样,分析了砂样矿物化学成分,对砂样的物理力学性质进行了试验研究,从工程角度提出了沙漠成因的相关性,提出了在沙漠中进行工程建设的指导意见,提出了固沙和防风蚀措施。     

毛乌素沙地、腾格里沙漠南缘带土地利用与气候变化关系研究——以宁夏中部为例

利用1978年MSS及1987,1996和2007年Landsat TM/ETM遥感影像,借助GIS技术,对腾格里沙漠与毛乌素沙地南缘地带土地利用与气候变化的响应关系进行了研究.结果表明,研究区年均温升高,降水量减少,气候趋于暖干化,土地利用开发程度差异显著,表现出30 a来,毛乌素沙地南缘土地利用开发强度整体较大,高于腾格里沙漠南缘地带,在变化速度上,毛乌素沙地高于腾格里沙漠南缘地区.     

水泥稳定风积沙基层抗剪强度试验研究

近年来,内蒙古锡林浩特地区沙漠化程度逐年上升,当地的风积沙储量很大,筑路取料方便,运输经济;而风积沙为不良的筑路材料,若能够解决风积沙作为基层筑路材料使用问题,使其强度和稳定性达到基层建设标准的规范使用要求,不失为修筑沙漠地区公路材料提供了一种新的选择。基于此,在内蒙古地区风积沙特性研究的基础上,对其掺入了一定量的水泥,研究探讨了水泥稳定风积沙作为道路施工的基层材料的抗剪强度,得出不同水泥掺量对风积沙基层抗剪强度影响因素以及作用机理。通过试验得出,水泥稳定风积沙的抗剪强度会随着水泥掺量的改变发生较大变化,在一定程度上对沙漠地区风积沙作为筑路材料施工提供了些许参考价值。     

末次间冰期陇西黄土记录与气候不稳定性问题的初步研究

陕西黄土高原黄土记录的分辩率较高，Ｓ１古土壤厚达８．５ｍ，主要由两个古土壤组和其间黄土层组成。临夏塬堡剖面上可分为５个古土壤层，主要黄土层记录了末次间冰期内的较干冷高粉尘堆积时期。     

毛乌素沙漠砂混凝土力学性能研究

设计正交试验,研究水胶比、粉煤灰掺量、砂率和沙漠砂替代率对沙漠砂混凝土7 d、28 d、56 d抗压强度和28 d劈裂拉伸强度的影响,通过极差分析和方差分析确定了沙漠砂混凝土的最优配合比。研究结果表明:用沙漠砂替代中砂配制混凝土是可行的;综合考虑沙漠砂混凝土7 d、28 d、56 d抗压强度和28 d劈裂拉伸强度,沙漠砂混凝土的最优配合比为水胶比0.34、粉煤灰掺量10%、砂率30%、沙漠砂取代率30%,为沙漠砂在工程中的应用提供指导和借鉴。     

乌兰布和沙漠形成时代的初步判定及意义

根据乌兰布和沙漠和沙漠北部出露的剖面记录，初步确认了全新统风成砂沉积层的划分，并据此作14C测年分析，认为全新世风成砂至少形成于2个时期：早全新世，14C年龄为距今7255a之前;晚全新世，14C年龄为距今2255或2630a以近，两期风成砂之间则是一个湖沼广泛发育的时期，乌兰布和沙漠形成时代的初步判定，至少可以认为在人类大规模开垦的汉代之前沙漠就已形成，且已经历了风成砂一湖沼的变化过程，说明沙漠的形成仍是以自然因素为主的过程，人类活动影响只是一个叠加于其上的因素．     

亚洲中部中更新世以来气候环境变化--来自天山北坡黄土沉积的证据

亚洲中部干旱区的形成演化对于理解干旱区大气粉尘的全球气候环境效应等具有极重要的科学价值。天山北坡沙湾县东湾镇厚71m的风成黄土为探讨该区环境演化提供了极好素材。对该剖面气候代用指标分析表明，中更新世以来气候环境经历了3个时期，在0．60和0．25Ma左右发生了重要气候事件，现在干旱气候格局是0．25Ma左右形成延续至今。     

陕北及鄂尔多斯地区降水变化与沙漠化

本文根据1959～1984年降水记录,讨论了陕北及鄂尔多斯地区沙漠化和草场退化的主要原因.由于沙漠化范围扩展阶段与降水量减少阶段的影响范围具有一致性,所以认为主要原因是自然过程。因1980年以来本区降水出现增加趋势,本区自然环境向沙漠化的发展将受到抑制。     

Stepwise advance of the Mu Us Desert since late Pliocene: Evidence from a red clay-loess record

Analyses of paleomagnetic polarity reversals, magnetic susceptibility and grain size on the red clay-loess sequence, about 280 m thick, at Jingbian show that this sequence contains most of the stratigraphic units recorded in the standard red clay-loess sections of the Loess Plateau over the past 3.5 Ma. Using sand particle percentage ( > 63 μm%) of the eolian sequence as a proxy indicator of desert extent and aridity in the dust source regions, it is found that during the past 3.5 Ma, there are three important climatic events indicating the advance of the Mu Us Desert. The events occurred at about 2.6, 1.1 and 0.6 MaBP, respectively. The stepwise advance of the Mu Us Desert may be linked closely to increase in global ice volume and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau in the late Cenozoic.     

Climate instability in the Yili region, Xinjiang during the last glaciation

The climate is influenced by westerlies year in year out and the aeolian loess is widespread in the Yili region, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Through the study of the loess section with a thickness of 21.5 m, much useful information about climatic change in this region during the last glaciation was gotten. Grain size analysis of loess samples in the section showed that the climatic change in the Yili region was of instability during the last glaciation and similar to those of the North Atlantic Ocean and Greenland. In correspondence with the Heinrich events, the percentage of the size fraction of loess with grain size less than 10 μm decreased in cold stadials in the Yili region. This result suggests that the westerly wind be strengthened during the cold periods. Compared with the stadials, the content of the loess with grain size less than 10 μm was increased in interstadials, which indicated that the strength of the westerly wind was weakened. It is obvious that the climate was instable not only in the North Atlantic Ocean and polar regions, but also in other areas of Northern Hemisphere during the last glaciation.