高围压高孔隙水压作用下岩石蠕变特性

对重庆某地深部砂岩进行高围压和高孔隙水压作用下分级加载蠕变试验。结果表明:加载初期的一较短时间内,孔隙水压力在一定程度上延缓轴向变形,随后整个加载过程表现为增强岩石轴向变形。相同围压下,有孔隙水压和无孔隙水压时岩石蠕变可能存在一个相同的应力强度比阀值,当应力强度比超过该阀值后便会出现加速蠕变破坏。选取三元件广义Kelvin模型描述高围压高孔隙水压作用下加载应力低于屈服应力σs时的岩石蠕变特性,效果较为理想。基于高围压高孔隙水压作用下砂岩加速蠕变试验曲线特性,采用拟合、类比的方法引入一个二元件黏塑性模型,将其与三元件广义Kelvin模型串联组成一个新的可以描述岩石加速蠕变全过程的非线性黏弹塑性蠕变模型。采用基于Quasi-Newton非线性优化算法(BFGS)的Matlab编程,实现对高围压高孔隙水作用下岩石加速蠕变全过程曲线进行辨识,对比试验曲线和模型拟合曲线,二者吻合较好,验证非线性黏弹塑性模型的正确性。     

水压轴压耦合作用下混凝土变形试验研究

利用微机控制多通道轴压水压联合作用岩石-混凝土流变试验系统对真实水环境中混凝土试样进行不同水压轴压下的压缩试验,研究不同水压轴压条件下混凝土试样变形及破坏规律。试验结果表明:真实水环境中,水围压增大混凝土试样轴向应变增加,即高水压不利于混凝土结构随时间的应变稳定;水围压能使混凝土试样体现一定的塑性,同时又在混凝土出现微裂纹时加速试样破坏进程。由于压力水具有流动性和劈裂作用,真实水环境中的水压力将在混凝土微结构中产生膨胀力,破坏混凝土结构稳定。水围压使混凝土抵抗弹性变形的能力增强,但抵抗整体变形的能力减弱。     

周期水压力作用下砂岩变形试验与小波分析

为了研究周期水压力对岩石的变形特性,利用MTS815岩石力学多功能试验机,对砂岩试样进行了不同轴向应力(峰值强度σmax的60%、70%和80%)条件下孔隙水压力循环试验,还运用Matlab中小波分析对岩石变形曲线中常见的不规则小变形波动干扰曲线进行处理.试验结果表明:随着恒定轴向应力的增大,周期水压力作用下疲劳变形将加速岩石的破坏;随着孔隙水压力循环次数的增加,塑性滞回环呈疏一密一疏的变形演化过程;运用小波分析方法对周期水压力作用下砂岩受多种因素的干扰的变形曲线进行分解、重构处理及评价,从而得到最优分解尺度的基本曲线较好的吻合了试验曲线,更好的揭示了岩石变形的演化规律.     

深部地质处置地下实验室花岗岩的加卸荷三轴蠕变试验与分析

为研究地下深部洞室围岩的蠕变力学特性,以甘肃北山深部地质处置地下实验室为研究背景工程,开展不同加卸载应力路径下的三轴蠕变试验,有效揭示洞室花岗岩的蠕变变形特征与破坏机制,提出一个确定花岗岩长期强度的方法。研究结果表明:1)不同加卸载应力路径下的花岗岩均具有蠕变阀值;2)蠕变速率受围压和偏应力水平的影响较大,且横向变形相较于轴向变形更为敏感,这一规律在卸荷蠕变时最为明显,导致卸荷蠕变扩容比加载蠕变更加突出;3)加载蠕变岩样的破坏模式主要为剪切破坏,卸荷蠕变的破坏模式主要为拉剪破坏;4)岩石长期强度可以通过岩石的变形模量-时间曲线来确定,得到的流变长期强度与流变破坏强度的比值即σ∞/σf为0.626～0.717,比传统方法减少4%左右。     

不同应力路径下卸围压流变试验分析及模型辨识

以大岗山水电站坝基的辉绿岩为研究对象,进行σ1恒定卸围压和σ1-σ3恒定卸围压流变试验,分析2种不同应力路径下辉绿岩的流变变形特征.引入屈服接近度指标来评价卸围压流变过程中不同三向应力状态下岩样临近屈服破坏的程度,并以此作为试验曲线中等速蠕变和加速蠕变的区分标准.最后对Burgers模型进行参数变异处理.研究结果表明:在2种方式下和在卸围压过程中,岩样的横向变形都表现为侧向膨胀,但轴向变形规律并不相同:σ1恒定时轴向变形一直轴向压缩,而σ1-σ3恒定时先是有微小增大再逐渐转变为轴向压缩.这说明随着围压的不断卸载,岩体变形逐渐由弹性向塑性转变并最终破裂,线弹性理论已不再适用.加速蠕变阶段的串联黏滞系数出现了非线性交化,以此来描述加速蠕变.参数变异的Burgers模型可以描述岩体的减速、等速和加速蠕变阶段,拟合结果与试验结果吻合较好.     

周期冲击扰动下粉砂岩单轴蠕变特性研究

采用改进岩石蠕变扰动试验装置对粉砂岩试件开展施加周期冲击扰动下单轴蠕变试验,研究周期冲击扰动下粉砂岩蠕变变形、蠕变速率及破坏特征.结果表明:冲击扰动会引起蠕变曲线产生新的波动,随冲击扰动次数增加,粉砂岩内部累积变形逐渐增加,进入稳定阶段时间明显缩短,进入加速蠕变阶段轴向应力阈值显著降低;在周期扰动作用下,粉砂岩蠕变占比与轴向应力呈指数关系,蠕变速率稳定值提高;冲击扰动加速粉砂岩内部裂隙发育,粉砂岩试件破坏形式更趋于脆性破坏.基于Mohr-coulomb准则,提出一种与时间有关的非线性黏滞体并引入损伤因子改进Burgers模型,建立粉砂岩蠕变扰动理论模型;该模型能很好描述周期冲击扰动下粉砂岩蠕变特性,可为深入研究冲击扰动下岩石蠕变失稳破坏提供参考.     

三向应力下岩石的强度和变形特性研究

为探讨岩石在三向应力作用下的强度和变形破坏规律及影响因素,采用MTS815电液伺服岩石力学试验系统,分别对砂岩和灰岩进行了三轴压缩试验。基于岩石的应力应变曲线与莫尔-库伦准则,对其残余强度、抗剪强度参数和弹性模量等力学变形特性进行了研究,并分析了孔隙率对岩石各类参数的影响。结果表明:围压对岩石的破坏特征有显著影响,岩石由低围压控制下的脆性破坏逐渐转变为高围压控制下的塑性破坏;横向应变的变化规律与侧向压力作用关系不明显,岩石在峰值应力处的横向应变几乎为定值,应力刚降至残余强度时的横向应变也近似为定值;与砂岩相比,灰岩的孔隙率较低,因而内摩擦角较大,峰值强度也越高,峰值后的残余强度降低得越明显;围压对低孔隙率岩石的弹性模量影响较小,而高孔隙率岩石的弹性模量随围压增加而增大。     

红砂岩多级卸荷蠕变试验及长期强度分析

在实际基坑和硐室的开挖过程中,岩体多处于环向卸荷的应力状态.不同于以往常规路径下的岩石蠕变特性研究,采用全自动岩石多场耦合三轴伺服仪,以红砂岩为试验对象着重研究了岩石环向卸荷路径下的蠕变力学特性.试验结果表明,与常规路径下的蠕变试验相似,岩石环向卸荷路径下的蠕变过程,同样由衰减蠕变到稳态蠕变再到非线性加速蠕变这一典型岩石流变三阶段所组成.随着围压的逐级卸载,轴向或者侧向蠕变变形,蠕变变形相对该级荷载下的瞬时变形的百分比,蠕变变形占总变形的比例,都整体呈现增大的趋势.侧向的蠕变速率、瞬时变形、蠕变变形在这一过程中逐渐超过轴向相应值,并最终达到轴向的2～3倍,出现明显的侧向扩容.基于经典弹塑性理论公式,绘制了塑性应变与偏应力水平的关系曲线,采用多种不同方式确定并比较了红砂岩卸荷蠕变过程中的长期强度.     

绿片岩的单轴压缩各向异性蠕变试验研究

通过对锦屏二级水电站辅助交通洞的绿片岩单轴压缩蠕变特性试验,研究了轴向荷载方向与层理之间的不同关系对瞬时应变、应力应变关系、轴向应变速率、衰减蠕变持续时间和蠕变破坏机理的影响.研究结果表明:在相同低应力水平下,垂直于层理时的瞬时应变增量大于平行于层理时的瞬时应变增量,而在相同较高应力水平下垂直于层理时的瞬时应变增量小于平行于层理时的瞬时应变增量;同等应力水平条件下,垂直于层理时的轴向应变速率和衰减蠕变持续时间均小于平行于层理时的轴向应变速率和衰减蠕变持续时间.同时,当轴向荷载垂直或者平行于层理时,应力应变关系曲线均出现了压密、弹性变形、裂纹扩展和峰后破坏阶段,且蠕变破坏类型均属于脆性破坏.     

冻融循环条件下粗粒料变形特性试验研究

为揭示粗粒料在冻融环境与复杂应力条件下的变形特性，采用大型三轴压缩试验与蠕变试验研究了粗粒料在不同冻融循环次数、围压与应力水平下的变形特性与蠕变特性。试验结果表明，未冻融粗粒料的应力-应变曲线为应变硬化型曲线，在试验围压100～600 kPa范围内粗粒料剪切过程中均表现为剪胀性；冻融循环后初始弹性模量与破坏应力均呈下降趋势，200 kPa围压时，初始弹性模量降低20%,破坏应力降低37%,600 kPa围压时，初始弹性模量降低5%,破坏应力降低25%;冻融循环后粗粒料轴向蠕变应变随时间的发展为衰减型蠕变规律，轴向蠕变应变随冻融循环次数和应力水平的增大而逐渐增大，8次冻融循环后轴向蠕变应变明显增大；应力水平影响下的粗粒料蠕变时间曲线可采用指数函数形式表达。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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