GDI喷油器超高压乙醇喷雾微观特性试验

为系统研究超高喷射压力下缸内直喷(GDI)喷油器乙醇喷雾的微观特性,采用相位多普勒粒子分析(PDPA)系统对10~50,MPa喷射压力下的喷雾进行了测试,并结合纹影法所获取的喷雾图像分析了喷雾形态发展、液滴粒径粒速的空间分布及随时间的变化规律.研究结果表明:提高喷射压力,枝状结构形成时刻提前,喷雾破碎过程加快;提高喷射压力,喷雾头部粒速增加,贯穿距变大;喷雾锥角随喷射压力的提高小幅度上升;提高喷射压力,乙醇液滴的索特平均直径(SMD)、DV90和DV50明显下降,但DV10下降幅度相对较小,处于剧烈破碎区的液滴粒径减小;超高压喷射有效抑制了25,μm以上大粒径液滴生成,降低粒径分布的离散程度,粒径为5,μm左右的液滴数量比例最大;超高压喷射下,在同一水平面不同测点位置,SMD的差异较小;随着测点距喷孔距离的增大,小液滴聚合现象会导致SMD变大.     

壁温和机油油膜对喷雾撞壁后发展的影响

为研究壁面温度和机油油膜对缸内直喷汽油(GDI)发动机喷雾撞壁后发展的影响,运用阴影法成像系统和相位多普勒激光测试系统(PDA)对喷雾撞壁后反弹高度、扩散距离以及特征点的粒径粒速做了试验研究.结果表明:壁温的升高或机油油膜的存在对喷雾撞壁后反弹和扩散起明显的促进作用.但是,当壁面达到莱顿弗罗斯特效应温度后,撞壁喷雾的反弹高度和扩散距离又开始减小.壁温的升高或机油油膜的存在,都会使喷雾轴线测点处法向速度向上的液滴比例增加,且喷雾边缘测点处液滴的切向平均速度明显增大.壁温的升高使喷雾撞壁后液滴的粒径分布向更小粒径的方向偏移,液滴粒径的算术平均值减小,但100,?m以上"超大液滴"的出现使轴线测点处液滴的索特平均直径增大.机油油膜的存在使喷雾撞壁后液滴粒径的算术平均值减小,但索特平均直径增大.     

非对称喷嘴喷雾模拟网格适用性研究

离散油滴模型(DDM)和拉格朗日油滴-欧拉气体(LDEF)算法的喷雾数值模拟对网格具有很强的依赖性.对某非对称三喷孔喷嘴的喷雾过程进行了网格参数适用性研究,分析了网格依赖性的来源,探讨了网格形式以及径向、轴向、周向网格尺寸变化对喷雾的影响,与实验数据对比了喷雾形态和贯穿距离,并研究了对索特直径的影响.分析了不同网格长宽比的影响.结果表明,非对称三喷孔喷嘴的喷雾数值仿真中,极坐标类型的网格具有更好的适用性.随着网格尺寸减小,贯穿距离和索特直径基本都呈现增大的趋势,但径向尺寸对贯穿距离的影响稍大于轴向尺寸.网格尺寸和长宽比存在一个最优值使得模拟的贯穿距离与实验值拟合得最好.     

单液氮液滴在气流中的蒸发运动特性研究

为了研究低温风洞中液氮喷雾降温蒸发特性,从而从微观上把握整个喷雾过程,以经典蒸发模型为基础,建立了适用于高速气流下的单液滴蒸发模型,计算了高速气流下单个液氮液滴的蒸发过程,得到其蒸发过程中液滴直径、速度、蒸发速率等参数的变化规律,并比较了环境温度、环境压力、气流速度等不同因素对各参数的影响。结果表明:环境温度对液滴蒸发速率影响较大,在100~300K环境温度下,每升高100K,2m的距离内液滴相对蒸发量大约增加18%,而对液滴运动速度则基本没有影响;气流速度越大,对流换热越强,液滴等时间蒸发速率越大,但由于蒸发距离一定,高速气流情况下的实际蒸发量减少,在上述条件下,10~30m/s的速度范围内,相对蒸发量在5%~6%;大粒径液滴具有大的绝对蒸发量,而小粒径液滴的相对蒸发量则较大;随着环境压力的增大,蒸发速率会随之增加。     

幂律流体旋流射流的喷雾特性实验

采用高速摄影技术和三维相位多普勒分析技术,测量了幂律流体旋流射流的破碎形貌、液滴速度和粒径分布,获得了其破碎特征及规律.结果表明,幂律流体旋流射流随喷射压力增加可以划分为3种射流模式,即带旋转的圆柱射流模式、液线液滴共存模式和充分发展模式.黏性越大的流体,要达到同样的射流模式所需要的喷射压力也越大.液滴的轴向速度w、径向速度u和索特平均直径(SMD)在径向各位置呈中心小两侧大的分布规律,切向速度v接近于零.三维速度在轴向各位置随z的增加均有不同程度的减小,SMD也有减小的趋势.不同压力对轴向速度w的影响更为明显,且更多地影响了液滴的二次破碎.     

气泡雾化喷嘴下游流场的特性分析

用Fluent软件对气泡雾化喷嘴下游不同截面雾化液滴的平均直径和速度分布进行了模拟计算.分析了雾化粒径与喷嘴直径、气液质量比、气体压力和液体流率之间的关系,以及雾化粒径和流动速度随喷嘴距离(轴向和径向)的变化规律.结果表明,雾化粒径与喷嘴直径之间呈近似正比关系,与气液质量比之间呈近似反比关系,而与气体压力和液体流率之间则存在最优匹配问题.随着喷嘴距离的增大,雾化粒径增大,而流动速度减慢.     

直喷条件下正戊烷闪急沸腾喷雾特性试验

利用纹影法在定容弹中,在不同的试验条件下,进行了正戊烷闪急沸腾喷雾特性试验.通过对喷雾图像的拍摄及处理,分析了燃油温度、环境背压、喷油压力对闪急沸腾喷雾的影响.试验结果表明,发生闪急沸腾时,离散液滴数量增多,液滴直径减小,随燃油温度的提高或者随环境背压的减小,喷雾贯穿距先减小后增大,喷雾锥角和喷雾面积先增大后减小;随喷油压力的增大,喷雾贯穿距增大,锥角及喷雾面积均增大;在燃油温度从293,K变化到363,K,环境背压从30,k Pa变化到100,k Pa,以及喷油压力从5,MPa变化到10,MPa的过程中,喷油压力对喷雾贯穿距影响最大,环境背压次之,燃油温度最小;环境背压对锥角的影响最大,燃油温度次之,喷油压力最小;喷油压力对喷雾面积影响最大,环境背压次之,燃油温度最小.     

利用LSD技术对高压共轨柴油机喷雾特性SMD的研究

为更好地研究高压共轨柴油机喷雾特性,搭建了柴油喷雾特性激光测试试验系统,基于激光测试手段,利用平面激光粒径测试技术,对高压共轨柴油机喷雾微观特性—索特平均直径进行定量测量,分别考察不同喷孔直径、不同喷油压力下喷雾索特平均直径随时间的变化.研究表明,随着喷孔直径的增加,在1 600 μs内喷雾场中的平均索特平均直径增大;随着喷油压力的增加,在1 400 μs内喷雾场中的平均索特平均直径相对较小,分布也较均匀;喷雾场中粒径的分布趋于粒径较小的方向集中,因此喷雾场中索特平均直径的形态分布近似服从于概率分布中的非中心F分布,并根据其分布形态拟合出相应的非中心F分布函数.      

风送荷电喷雾特性试验

为研究风送荷电喷雾在空间的粒径分布和沉积特性,设计了一种风送荷电喷雾试验装置,包括雾化装置、荷电装置、风送设备以及相应的测量设备.首先对轴流风机改造前后的气流速度进行了对比,然后探讨了雾滴的荷质比和云电流与电压的关系,最后研究了荷电与非荷电状态下,喷嘴轴线上的雾滴粒径和沉积质量的分布规律,以及轴线上距喷嘴出口2.0和3.0 m,沉积质量沿水平径向(y方向)和雾滴粒径沿垂直径向(z方向)的分布特点.研究结果表明:改造后的轴流风机产生的气流轴向速度增大,有助于增加喷雾射程;雾滴的荷质比与云电流随电压的升高而增大;荷电与非荷电情况下,雾滴粒径与沉积质量均随轴向距离的增加先增大后减小,呈现单峰分布;荷电雾滴沿垂直径向的粒径分布关于轴线呈现出较大的不对称性,即小雾滴在轴线上方,大雾滴在轴线下方;荷电雾滴沿轴向(x方向)和水平径向(y方向)的沉积范围较广且均匀性较好.     

矿井综采工作面风速对喷雾粒径影响规律试验

为研究矿井综采工作面喷雾除尘时,矿井风速对喷雾粒径的影响规律,利用模拟巷道喷雾降尘实验系统,在5个不同矿井风速影响下对4个喷雾压力、4个不同孔径喷嘴、5个不同轴线距离的喷雾粒径进行试验研究.利用Origin对试验数据进行曲线绘制,并将曲线进行了趋势分析与原因分析.结果表明:测点位置为0.68 m时,随矿井风速的增大,喷雾粒径呈增大趋势,并得出最小粒径99.25μm与最大粒径214.7μm的试验条件;不同喷雾压力和喷嘴孔径在矿井风速影响下程度不同,并将影响曲线进行对比和排序;测点轴线距离越远,喷雾粒径越小,即D_aD_bD_c D_d D_e;测点位置为0.38,0.68,0.95 m处的喷雾粒径随矿井风速的增大而增加,测点位置为1.28,1.58 m时,喷雾粒径在矿井风速0.25～0.65 m/s呈增大趋势,在0.65～1.05 m/s时呈减小趋势.试验研究结果为矿井喷雾除尘时,对于喷雾压力、喷嘴孔径、矿井通风风速的大小选择以及喷嘴布置的合理性提供参考.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-