有机朗肯循环混合工质的热力学分析

有机朗肯循环是利用低品位余热的关键技术之一,在一定程度上可有效缓解能源危机。相比于传统的纯工质,混合工质因其在换热器中具有温度滑移特性,可以更好地与热源进行耦合。因此选用混合工质可以使机组的效率得到更进一步的提升。通过采用二次迭代的方法,热源温度为120℃时,理论分析了以R245fa为参考的6种混合工质对,其混合比例对系统输出功与效率的影响。结果表明:工质吸热量一定的情况下,系统采取混合工质可以获得比纯工质更高的输出功、热效率。当吸热量为197.29 k W时,以纯R245fa为工质的系统最大输出功与热效率分别为11.98 k W与6.07%。存在最佳混合工质对R113/R245fa(质量分数0.7∶0.3),相比于纯工质R245fa,输出功与热效率分别提高了22.87%和22.89%。同时发现,无量纲积分温差ΔT~*与系统净输出功、热效率之间存在反比关系。当工质为R113/R245fa(质量分数0.7∶0.3)时,在最大净输出功工况下,6种混合工质对下的最小值ΔT~*为0.233。     

低品位能源利用热力学基础及评价

我国具有丰富的低品位能源,如中低温余热能,利用有机朗肯循环(ORC)将这些低品位能源转换为功,对提高我国的能源利用率和改善环境问题具有重要的意义。研究工作进展顺利,取得了如下成果:提出了一种跨临界和亚临界有机朗肯循环耦合系统。对比单级跨临界ORC系统,耦合系统具有较高的热效率和较大的净输出功,中间耦合换热器的节点温差对系统热效率和净输出功具有重要影响。增设预热器后,虽然热效率有所降低,但其净输出功增加较多。以净输出功、热效率和发电成本为性能指标对八种非共沸混合工质在不同成分配比下的系统性能进行了分析和对比。结果表明,混合工质浓度对系统热效率、净输出功和发电成本具有重要影响,可能存在一个最佳浓度比使系统净输出功或热效率最大。计算还发现,混合工质系统经济性相对于纯工质系统并没有优势。基于热经济学原理,建立了亚临界ORC系统的多目标优化模型,优化了相关运行参数及工作流体的选择;研究了在不同热源温度条件下的亚临界ORC系统利用不同临界温度的有机工质时,系统净功、火用效率及电能产出成本与烟气出口温度的对应关系。结果表明,采用不同的性能指标对有机朗肯循环优化所得优化结果不相同,对ORC系统进行多目标优化,可以较好地"协调"各性能指标间的关系,使所要求的各项指标均能达到较优;存在最佳烟气出口温度使系统净功最大和电能产出成本最低,但最佳烟气出口温度总是低于最低允许排烟温度,而系统火用效率始终随烟气出口温度增加而增大。对热源进行了分类。理论和数值模拟两方面都表明:对于耦合第一类低品位热源的ORC,以净功为目标,要求工质具有较高的液体比热和较低的蒸发潜热;对于耦合第二类热源的ORC,期望采用具有较低液体比热和较高蒸发潜热的工质,使系统热效率(净功)较高。针对氢氟烃和烃等组成的二元共沸、非共沸混合工质的在不同冷源条件下的亚临界ORC循环性能分析,得到某些组分下的混合物的循环性能。并阐明了二元混合物组元沸点差、配比、冷源温升与ORC循环之间的匹配关系;设计并搭建了混合物的汽液相平衡实验台、高精度流体密度测量装置,揭示了多元混合物系p-ρ-T-x特性和相平衡特性,获得了高精度物性数据及相关理论预测模型;初步开展了混合工质关键组元的高温相平衡实验研究,模拟结果与文献实测数据有很好的一致性。     

变冷凝工况地热有机朗肯循环发电系统

针对有机朗肯循环发电系统中冷凝介质温度随环境温度变化而变化,地热源载热流体参数恒定的问题,采用EES软件计算分析了饱和有机朗肯循环发电系统在使用工质R245fa和R601a时输出净功随冷凝介质温度变化的规律,同时分析了膨胀机最佳入口温度、膨胀比和工质流量3个主要参数的变化。结果表明：当地热流体温度为130 ℃,冷凝介质温度从30 ℃降到0 ℃时,有机工质在膨胀机入口的最佳温度升高且波动幅度达15 ℃,同时系统净输出功增长达120%;工质质量流量增加超过30%,膨胀比增大约2倍。     

基于分析的内燃机排气余热ORC混合工质性能分析

使用非共沸混合工质可以降低ORC系统的不可逆损失.为此,建立了内燃机排气余热ORC模型,分析了不同组分非共沸混合工质toluene/R141b在不同蒸发温度和冷凝温度下的热效率、效率和损失.分析结果表明:混合工质的效率均低于纯工质;纯toluene的热效率和效率最高.使用混合工质,一方面可以拓宽工质选择范围;另一方面,由于温度滑移,混合工质可以更好地与热源匹配,减小不可逆损失.     

螺杆膨胀机有机朗肯循环系统的变工况特性

针对螺杆膨胀机的工作特点,建立了其简化热力计算模型及示功图.以R123制冷剂为工质,采用螺杆膨胀机有机朗肯循环系统进行华北油田中低温采油伴生热液的利用发电,筛选了变工况下影响系统性能的主要因素,通过迭代求解系统的稳态参数,并对比了净功率、热效率及火用损失.结果表明:过热蒸汽有利于提高单位工质的输出功率,但会引起系统的净功率下降;冷却水进口温度对系统的影响最大,夏季温度较高,将会使得系统的输出功率严重偏离额定功率,保证冷凝器的冷凝效果是改善系统性能的有效措施;热源温度对系统输出功率的影响大于热源流量的影响.     

低温热能有机物朗肯循环发电系统的最佳负载特性实验研究

针对低温热能的回收利用,搭建了采用涡旋膨胀机的有机物朗肯循环发电实验系统,以异丁烷为工质,研究了热源温度和负载对小型有机物朗肯循环发电系统性能的影响.结果表明:在不同的热源温度和工质流量条件下,都存在一个最佳负载电阻,使得系统具有最大的发电功率、比发电功率和发电效率;在设计发电系统时,应为涡旋膨胀机匹配合适的永磁发电机和负载电阻,以使系统发挥最优性能;当热源温度不超过120℃时,系统的最大发电功率为1.05kW,最高发电效率为4.51%,膨胀机的最大转速和膨胀比分别可达2 922r/min和3.03.     

低温烟气余热发电实验系统设计及性能

采用R123为工质,以热风炉产生的烟气模拟工业炉排放的烟气作为实验热源,通过设计和搭建基于有机朗肯循环的余热发电系统实验台,研究膨胀机输出功率、系统热效率以及效率随系统状态参数的变化规律。实验结果表明:膨胀机输出功率随蒸发压力和热源温度的升高而增大,实验条件下的最大输出功率为645 W。系统热效率随工质蒸发压力的升高而增大,最大热效率为8.5%。系统效率随蒸发压力和热源温度的升高而增大,实验条件下的最大效率为3.5%。工质过热度的提高不利于提升系统的综合性能。     

小型低温余热发电系统膨胀机输出特性试验研究

依据有机朗肯循环原理,采用R123作为循环工质、涡旋膨胀机作为能量回收机械,建立了小型低温余热发电试验系统,分析了相同热源入口温度和流量、不同工质流量的两种工况下膨胀机转速对系统性能的影响.结果表明:涡旋膨胀机的吸气压力和吸气温度随转速的增加而降低,排气压力和排气温度随转速的增加而增加;系统发电功率和系统热电效率随着转速的增加而降低;涡旋膨胀机的容积效率随着转速的增加而增加.两种工况下系统最大发电功率分别为0.66 kW和0.62kW,最大系统热电效率均为2.1%,容积效率变化范围分别为38.5%～56.5%和39.7%～60.0%.     

回热式有机朗肯循环系统热力性能

膨胀机和工质泵作为有机朗肯循环系统的重要动力部件,在不同的热源温度下,合适的膨胀机及工质泵转速能够有效提高有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)系统的热效率.基于回热式ORC系统的热力学分析,选用1,1,1,3,3-五氟丙烷(R245fa)为工质研究了膨胀机转速、工质泵转速以及热源温度对系统...     

回热式有机朗肯循环冷能发电系统变热源温度实验研究

针对当前开展液化天然气冷能发电的实验研究难度大且实验参考的数据少等问题,提出一种以R290为循环工质、液氮为冷源的回热式有机朗肯循环(ORC)冷能发电实验系统。通过实验研究,探索热源温度在20～55℃范围内,机械输出功、发电量、功电转换效率、热效率和冷能利用率等重要性能参数随热源温度变化的规律,并与常规ORC冷能发电系统进行比较。结果表明：在一定范围内,热源温度的增加有利于提升ORC冷能发电系统的总体性能,且系统存在一个与冷源匹配的最佳热源温度;当冷热源处于最佳匹配时,回热循环对ORC冷能发电系统的机械输出功、发电量、热效率和冷能利用率等参量有明显的提升,分别增加了26.2%、12.7%、16.4%和16.6%,但功电转换效率出现降低,下降了10.7%。这些规律将对系统运行时关键参数的调整和控制以及优化设计提供一定的参考依据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-