废硝酸制取邻硝基对甲酚的工艺

将化工厂废硝酸直接硝化对甲苯酚制取高性价比的医药中间体邻硝基对甲酚,通过跟踪水相中游离硝酸根的紫外吸收变化,考察了油水体积比、温度、转速及硝酸与对甲酚的摩尔浓度比等因素对反应的影响,结果表明:当油水体积比为5:34、温度30℃、转速600 r/min、n硝酸:n对甲酚为1:0.8时,废水中硝酸含量下降82%,邻硝基对甲酚收率达79.5%。     

阻聚剂2,6-二硝基对甲酚的合成

本文研究了适用于二乙烯苯的高效阻聚剂2,6-二硝基对甲酚的合成。通过考察反应条件诸如配料比、温度、硝化试剂等与产率的关系,确定了以发烟硝酸直接硝化对甲酚以制备2,6-二硝基对甲酚的工艺路线。较佳的工艺为:对甲酚:硝酸1:硝酸2=1:1.05:1.1;温度25-30℃,在此工艺条件下产品的产率约63%。采用FT-IR对产品结构进行确定。     

微反应器中硝酸硝化对叔丁基苯酚制备邻硝基对叔丁基苯酚的工艺

针对传统硝酸硝化对叔丁基苯酚制备邻硝基对叔丁基苯酚存在生产效率低、安全性差等问题,本文发展了一种在微结构反应器中连续安全合成邻硝基对叔丁基苯酚的方法。首先,使用加热柱塞泵熔化固体对叔丁基苯酚实现连续进料,接着原料和高浓度硝酸在T形微混合器中迅速混合,再经管式反应器生成邻硝基对叔丁基苯酚。考察硝酸浓度、硝酸温度、硝酸与原料摩尔比、反应温度、停留时间以及总流速对对叔丁基苯酚转化率和邻硝基对叔丁基苯酚收率的影响。结果表明:硝酸浓度为7.5 mol/L、硝酸温度为22.4℃、硝酸与原料的摩尔比为1.2、反应温度90℃、停留时间10 s、总流速为2 mL/min为最优条件。在最优条件下,对叔丁基苯酚的转化率达到98.7%,邻硝基对叔丁基苯酚的收率达到79.9%。     

连续流硝酸氧化制备2,4-二氯邻硝基苯甲酸

釜式反应器中2,4-二氯邻硝基甲苯硝酸氧化制备2,4-二氯邻硝基苯甲酸的过程存在放热量大、腐蚀性强、安全性差、反应周期长、产物收率低等诸多问题。本文开发出一种连续流制备2,4-二氯邻硝基苯甲酸的新工艺,考察反应温度、停留时间、硝酸质量分数、原料质量比、体系压力对氧化过程的影响。结果表明:在温度180℃、总流速2 mL/min、硝酸与2,4-二氯邻硝基甲苯质量比5∶1、停留时间45 min、体系压力2.5 MPa时,2,4-二氯邻硝基苯甲酸的纯度约为99%,硝酸的质量分数可降低至35%,氧化反应速率可提高20倍,反应过程稳定,选择性和转化率分别为98%和99%。     

紫外分光光度法测定污水中4-硝基间甲酚

北京农药一厂生产农药杀螟松过程中排放有害物质4-硝基间甲酚,污染河道。为配合治理和对河道的监测,需要建立适当的分析方法。本文介紹用紫外分光光度法測定4-硝基间甲酚。在碱性介质中,4-硝基間甲酚轉变为相应的醌式結构:使它的紫外吸收光譜明显的向长波方向移动,并有致强效应,溶液呈現显著的黄色。这一現象早已被用来直接对其进行比色測定但該法在应用于污水中4-硝基間甲酚测定时往往受到严重干扰。     

α(β)-四取代苯氧基酞菁的合成、表征和光谱性质

以3-硝基邻苯二腈和4-硝基邻苯二腈为原料分别合成了α(β)-四苯氧基酞菁锌,通过红外光谱和紫外可见光谱表征了其结构,并讨论了取代基的位置对酞菁紫外可见光谱和荧光光谱的影响.     

Pd/C催化水合肼还原法制备邻氨基苯酚

采用在Pd/C催化下水合肼还原邻硝基苯酚的方法制备邻氨基苯酚,研究了反应温度、催化剂用量和还原剂用量对反应产物收率的影响.优化条件为:95%乙醇为溶剂,0.010 g质量分数为10%的Pd/C催化下,1.300 g质量分数为85%的水合肼还原1.390 g邻硝基苯酚,在75~80℃下反应4 h后,反应粗产物用95%乙醇重结晶得邻氨基苯酚0.95 g,收率为87.16%.目标产品通过了红外、紫外、氢核磁共振和质谱表征.     

从间对混合甲酚合成对硝基间甲酚

对硝基间甲酚是合成著名低毒高效农药杀螟硫磷(Sumithion)的重要中间体,以往均从纯间甲酚经硝化反应合成,由于纯间甲酚来源有限.最近Hercules公司发表了从混合间对甲酚制取对硝基间甲酚的方法。他们采用间甲酚含量为60%的二混甲酚为原料,硝化后再以苯-亚硫酸钠水溶液萃取,再使对硝基间甲酚结晶析出. 我们认为该法的主要缺点是对甲酚同时被硝化为硝化物.未能综合利用,另外.用苯萃取时耗用大量溶剂,且不安全,而且成本过高.我们经研究提出亚硝化、分离、氧化、再钠盐纯化,克服了上述缺陷.硝化物最后采取钠盐纯化的方法,使它直接与硫代磷酰氯缩合合成杀螟硫磷.     

PEBA渗透汽化膜用于分离回收稀水溶液中邻甲酚

考察了PEBA2533渗透汽化膜分离稀水溶液中邻甲酚的性能,并运用渗透汽化-分级冷凝工艺回收高纯度邻甲酚晶体。采用扫描电子显微镜对PEBA2533膜的表面及断面进行表征,通过膜的溶胀实验考察了PEBA2533膜对邻甲酚的吸附性能,考察了在不同原料质量浓度及原料液温度时PEBA2533膜对邻甲酚的分离性能。结果表明:随着原料液浓度增大,邻甲酚的通量不断增大;在原料液质量浓度范围2 000~7 000mg/L内,分离因子处于较高的范围(59~105).随着原料液温度升高,邻甲酚与水的通量均明显增大,同时分离因子也逐渐增大;当原料液质量浓度与温度为7 000mg/L,70℃时,邻甲酚晶体通量高达295.9g/(m~2·h),纯度为99.9%.     

纳米TiO_2光催化性能的研究

应用低温热分解法制备锐钛型纳米 Ti O2 ,以主波长为 2 54nm的紫外灯作为光源 ,研究了纳米 Ti O2 对邻硝基酚的光催化降解规律 ,并与普通 Ti O2 进行了对比。结果表明 ,纳米Ti O2 表现出很高的光催化活性 ,降解邻硝基酚的速率约为普通 Ti O2 的 1倍以上 ,其降解过程符合一级动力学规律     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-