三倍体太平洋牡蛎苗种培育研究

报道了2000年9－12月在浙江温岭市东门水产育苗场进行的三倍体太平洋牡蛎苗种培育研究结果，用浓度为70－100μmol/L的6－二甲氨基嘌呤（6－DMAP）诱导受精卵，抑制第二极体的释放，共获得附着稚贝（壳长0．8－1.0mm)5712万颗，平均三倍体倍化率为62％，同时讨论了倍化率与诱导时间，效应时间，卵子成熟度之间的关系。     

诱导三倍体太平洋牡蛎群体发育过程中三倍体率的变化

借助染色体计数和流式细胞计数计对6－DMAP处理和冷休克两种诱导方法获得太平洋牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas)三倍体群体在各个发育时期三倍体率进行了系统检测。结果发现，在4－8细胞时期，6－DMAP诱导三倍体率为75％，冷休克诱导三倍体率为50％，在发育至D形幼虫期和答稚贝期，两类三倍体群体的三倍体率均有所下降。如从4－8细胞期发育至稚贝期，冷休克诱导群体下降了53．08％以上，6－DMAP诱导群体三倍体率下降了27．36％。养殖一年后，6－DMAP诱导群体三倍体率仍保持在60％以上，而冷休克诱导群体三倍体率已下降至不足10％。这一结果说明，利用6－DMAP诱导来获得三倍体是比较理想的方法。     

三种化学诱导剂诱导太平洋牡蛎三倍体的比较研究

从三倍体率,D幼孵化率,幼虫生长速度,生长成本等方面比较了细胞松弛素B,二甲基氨基嘌呤,咖啡因三种化学诱导剂诱导太平洋特蛎产生三倍体的效果,CB的三倍诱导率最高,为91．5％,但D幼孵化离最,仅为5．8％,且成本最高,为6－DMAP和咖啡因的4倍和50倍,6－DMAP的三倍体诱导率略低于CB,为88．0％,但D幼孵化率最高,为60．5％,其成本仅为CB的1／4,咖啡因的三倍体诱导率最低,为82．4％,幼虫孵化率为30．2％,但其成本最低,仅为CB的2％和6－DMAP的8％,三种诱导剂诱导的三倍体群幼虫在生长速度及成活率方面无显著差异。     

6-DMAP诱导马氏珠母贝三倍体

用６－二甲基氨基嘌呤（６－ＤＭＡＰ）抑制马氏球母贝（ＰｉｎｃａｔａｄａｍａｒｔｅｎｓｉｉＤｕｎｋｅｒ）受精卵的极体释放获得三倍体,在２６℃条件下,进行了不同浓度梯度的６－ＤＭＡＰ（４０ｍｇ／Ｌ,６０ｍｇ／Ｌ,８０ｍｇ／Ｌ,１００ｍｇ／Ｌ,１２０ｍｇ／Ｌ）和不同的处理持续时间（５ｍｉｎ,１０ｍｉｎ,１５ｍｉｎ,２０ｍｉｎ,２５ｍｉｎ）的诱导实验,抑制第一和第二极体的三倍体诱导率最高分别为达３２．４％     

金鱼三倍体诱导技术的初步研究

运用冷休克、热休克、静水压三种方法抑制金鱼受精卵第二次减数分裂,诱导金鱼三倍体．结果表明：金鱼三倍体诱导率明显受压力、处理温度、处理起始时间以及处理持续时间等因子的影响;在22℃水温下,受精8min后,在0℃冷休克条件下,持续处理14min的三倍体诱导率可达25．5％;受精10min后,在39℃热休克条件下,持续处理1min,三倍体诱导率可达100％;受精4min后,在550kg／cm^2静水压休克条件下,持续处理3min三倍体诱导率可达28．6％．还对提高金鱼三倍体诱导率和孵化率的方法进行了探讨．     

热休克诱导三倍体黄鳝的研究

采用热休克诱导方法研究了促使第二极体保留诱发三倍体黄鳝的最佳条件．在卵受精后５－６ｍｉｎ，采用４０．５℃热水处理３．５ｍｉｎ，不但能导致较高的三倍化率，而且胚胎存活率相当高，表明热休克是诱导多倍化的有效方法，需用设备简单，易于推广     

细胞松弛素B诱导鲍异源三倍体

用细胞松弛素B(CB)处理受精卵(九孔鲍♀×盘鲍♂),抑制第二极体释放,诱导异源三倍体.在水温24℃下,分别进行了不同起始处理时间(受精后5~25 min)、不同药物处理浓度(0.2~1.0 mg/L)和不同持续处理时间(5~15 min)的实验.结果表明:受精后10~15 min开始处理的效果较好,平均担轮幼虫成活率为52.07%,平均三倍体率为55.81%;最佳药物处理质量浓度为0.4 mg/L,最佳持续处理时间为10 min,担轮幼虫率为21.43%,异源三倍体率为50.96%;药物空白对照组1(九孔鲍♀×九孔鲍♂)担轮幼虫率为85.38%,二倍体率为95.42%;药物空白对照组2(九孔鲍♀×盘鲍♂)担轮幼虫率为54.37%,二倍体率为75.87%.综合考虑,鲍异源三倍体的适宜诱导条件为:在受精后13 min,即当40%~50%受精卵排出第一极体时,用0.4 mg/L的CB处理10 min.     

静水压休克诱导近江牡蛎三倍体的发生

用静水压休克诱导近江牡蛎（Ｏｓｔｒｅａｒｉｖｕｌａｒｉｓ）三倍体的产生。静水压处理使受精卵的减数分裂纺缍体解体，处于中期Ⅰ和后期Ⅰ受处理的受精卵可恢复形成三、四极纺缍，之后产生两个单倍性雌原核而发育为３ｎ－１ｐｂ；处于未期Ⅰ和中期Ⅱ期与处一后期Ⅱ期和未期Ⅱ受处理的受精卵可不恢复形成纺缍体，分别产生一个二倍性雌原核或两个单倍性雌原核而发育为３ｎ－２ｐｂ．２７℃下受精卵减数分裂的同步性较高．在授精后２６ｍｉｎ或３６ｍｉｎ以２３０ｋｇ／ｃｍ２的静水压持续处理１５ｍｉｎ，分别得到３ｎ－１ｐｂ（４８％）和３ｎ－２ｐｂ（６２％）的诱导峰值．实验表明，压力的起始时间应选择在减数分裂后期Ⅰ或后期Ⅱ．本文还解释了四倍体和五倍体的形成机理。     

人工诱导盘鲍异源雌核发育多倍体的初步研究

通过预实验,观察和了解在24.8℃下九孔鲍精子与盘鲍卵子授精,及其受精卵第一极体和第二极体出现的时间.采用不同浓度的乙烯脲失活九孔鲍精子的遗传物质,确定其最佳处理浓度和处理时间.遗传物质失活的九孔鲍精子和盘鲍卵子授精,用CB进行不同持续处理时间抑制受精卵第一极体和第二极体出现的方法诱导多倍体.实验结果表明,在水温24.8℃下,作为失活九孔鲍精子遗传物质的乙烯脲,当其质量分数为0.5‰和处理时间为10 min是比较适宜的;用遗传物质失活的九孔鲍精子与盘鲍卵子授精,在授精后10 min,用浓度为1.0 mg.dm-3的CB持续处理受精卵24 min,表观三倍体率达65%以上,表观四倍体率达5%左右.稚鲍的倍性检查中,雌核发育多倍体占总多倍体数的80%,杂交多倍体占20%.盘鲍异源雌核发育的三倍体率达到93%,四倍体率为3%左右.     

黄颡鱼三倍体人工诱导方法的比较研究

应用热休克、冷休克、6-DMAP和CB处理黄颡鱼受精卵,探讨诱导三倍体的适宜方法.4种方法均能诱导黄颡鱼受精卵形成三倍体胚胎.受精卵经热休克处理（受精后第8min,40℃处理2min）,诱导率为93.3%,孵化率为78.6%;冷休克法（受精后第3min,4℃处理15min）诱导率为63.3%,孵化率为82.3%;受精卵经6-DMAP和CB处理得到的诱导率较低,分别为26.7%和10.0%.综合考虑,热休克法及冷休克法为诱导黄颡鱼三倍体的适宜方法.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to