带凹腔的超燃固冲发动机燃烧室的数值仿真

基于一种以PMMA固体燃料的超燃冲压实验发动机的试验,进行数值计算研究。结合结构特性与计算精度选用结构化网格技术、压力基耦合算法、SST k-ω湍流模型、轴对称N-S方程组、二阶迎风格式、单步化学反应对带有凹腔的轴对称固体燃料超燃冲压发动机燃烧室的内流场进行了二维稳态数值仿真。研究结果表明燃烧主要集中在边界层附近,大量的热从反应区通过凹腔回流大涡传输到了凹腔的内部,这样凹腔就提供了持续富燃区域和热源,所以凹腔有增强掺混和火焰稳定的作用;在发动机点火后,燃烧室等截面圆柱段初始内径狭小和不断地热量加入,导致燃烧室出现热壅塞,随着燃面推移等截面圆柱段被打开,热壅塞现象消失;随着燃面推移,激波串的强度逐渐增强,燃烧室中气流的马赫数逐渐降低。     

燃气轮机中心分级燃烧器天然气掺氢燃烧的受迫振荡特性

天然气掺氢燃烧是燃气轮机机组降低碳排放重要措施之一,但掺氢燃料的组分变化会导致燃烧室火焰结构及燃烧稳定性发生变化.为分析中心分级燃烧器掺氢燃烧条件下的燃烧不稳定性问题,通过试验研究了燃烧器入口速度扰动下,不同掺氢比对中心分级掺氢燃烧的瞬态火焰结构、压力以及热释放响应的影响,并利用本征正交分解(POD)法提取了火焰脉动的特征模态,发现其主要包含火焰干涉区强脉动和轴向扰动两种模态.试验结果表明,随着掺氢体积比从0%增大到30%,火焰前沿向上游移动,两级火焰间距缩短,火焰干涉对应的脉动模态的能量占比增大,加强了压力与热释放的耦合,导致燃烧室内的压力响应增大9%,热释放响应增大37%.     

AVC预混燃烧流动特性的数值模拟

为探究先进旋涡燃烧室内湍流燃烧流动特性,应用预混燃烧模型,对燃烧室内燃烧及流动过程进行了数值模拟。得到了燃烧室内温度场及流场的分布情况。分析了不同燃气当量比、燃气速度和燃气温度对燃烧室预混燃烧流动的影响规律。结果表明:燃烧室内凹腔及后钝体回流区是主要燃烧区域,主燃区可形成均匀对称的旋涡对;不同工况参数对燃烧室内温度、组分和流场分布有影响。凹腔内温度随进气速度增大而增加,燃烧室内温度和出口径向温度随燃气温度增大而增大,且在不同工况下,凹腔内都能维持较高的点火温度。     

内置隔板对微通道内CH_4/air预混燃烧特性的影响

在微尺度燃烧室内布置隔板会引起内部流场和热传递的变化,为分析其对内部燃烧过程的影响,采用CH_4/air预混气进行预混合燃烧试验,对有无隔板2种情况下的着火界限和外壁面温度进行了测试.结果表明:相同CH_4流量下,由于散热量增大,隔板的增加会增大火焰进入通道时的空气量;隔板布置在出口时火焰更容易在燃烧室内传播,且在小流量下火焰的稳定性更好;隔板分割出的通道宽度为2 mm时,在所有当量比下均不能燃烧,隔板间距为4 mm的燃烧室内,火焰的稳定性较好;与采用不锈钢材料对比,采用Pt作为隔板材料能拓宽燃烧室的可燃界限、提高燃烧室外壁面上温度分布的均匀性.     

壁面冷却空气对贫油吹熄特性影响的激光诊断研究

针对燃烧室中冷却壁面的冷却气膜会影响燃烧室内的流场、改变回流区结构,从而影响贫油吹熄特性这一问题,在一带有气膜冷却的旋流燃烧室上开展了不同壁面空气占比下的贫油吹熄极限测量。结果表明：壁面冷却空气占比达到0.2时,不同燃油流量下,以全局空气流量计算,燃烧室吹熄当量比降低的范围在0.09～0.1之间;以主流空气计算,吹熄当量比降低范围在0.01～0.028之间。为了更加深入研究这一规律的原因,开展了平面激光诱导荧光(PLIF)激光诊断测量,可知引入壁面冷却空气后,OH基更集中分布在靠近燃烧室底部的火焰根部。在稳定火焰工况中,与近吹熄火焰相比,在燃烧室底部附近的火焰中央有大量OH基分布,这将有助于火焰的稳定,并拓宽贫油吹熄极限。米氏散射实验结果表明,引入壁面冷却空气后可使燃油液滴更集中分布在燃烧室底部附近,这将导致根部火焰局部当量比提高,易于形成稳定的火焰。结合所得实验结果,在所使用的旋流模型燃烧室内,加入占比为0.2的壁面冷却空气,可以拓宽燃烧室的贫油吹熄极限,有助于火焰的稳定。研究结果有望对带有冷却气膜的燃烧室的燃烧稳定性调控问题提供一定的理论指导。     

高雷诺数预混湍流火焰的数值模拟与结构表征

高雷诺数湍流预混燃烧是先进发动机高效清洁燃烧中的共性问题.为发展发动机燃烧室工况下的预混燃烧可预测模型,亟需开展高湍流度、宽压力范围内的湍流预混火焰基础研究.本文就近期相关进展进行综述,重点内容包括:(1)主要处于薄反应区预混燃烧模式下的自由传播与射流火焰的直接数值模拟;(2)湍流预混火焰结构演化中的几何与拓扑性质表征方法;(3)预混火焰锋面前后密度与黏度变化对临近流体局部各向异性与小尺度涡结构的影响机理;(4)高雷诺数湍流预混火焰中高拉伸率与差异扩散对燃烧速率和局部熄火的影响;(5)湍流预混燃烧大涡模拟中的亚格子模型.     

油气混合参数对柴油机低温燃烧过程的影响

应用三维CFD模拟研究了喷油和进气参数包括喷油压力、喷孔直径和进气压力对柴油机低氧浓度低温燃烧(LTC)过程的影响.结果表明:随着喷油压力增加或喷孔直径的减小,各氧浓度下缸内燃烧压力和温度峰值都增大;相同氧浓度条件下预混燃烧的强度增大,出现明显预混燃烧的氧浓度增大;相同氧浓度条件下的soot排放降低;缸内局部温度最大值增大,NOx排放增大.进气压力增大,缸内压力上升更快,但缸内平均温度略有降低,相同氧浓度下着火时刻提前,滞燃期缩短;燃烧过程中局部缺氧的状况得到改善,相同氧浓度条件下燃油的燃烧更加完全,放出的总热量更多,燃烧效率明显提高;soot峰值和最终排放值都减小,NOx生成量进一步降低.     

丙烷自燃特性及爆震机理的试验研究

为了深入揭示丙烷自燃和爆震燃烧机理,基于一台新型快速压缩机试验平台,开展了不同初始压力、当量比条件下丙烷-空气混合气自燃和爆震燃烧的试验研究,并通过瞬态压力和高速相机同步测试方法进行了缸内燃烧过程研究.结果表明:爆震压力振荡强度随着初始压力的提升显著增强,压力振荡的产生与着火方式无绝对关系,其振荡强度主要取决于自燃发生前末端混合气的状态.轻微爆震和弱爆震由末端自燃导致,自燃时未燃混合气区域越大,爆震强度也越高.超级爆震的形成是由于超声速自燃火焰的传播导致压力波在火焰面前方的汇聚,并最终导致爆燃向爆轰模式转变所致,从而形成峰值极高的压力振荡.     

多孔介质内往复流动燃烧温度分布的实验研究

通过实验研究了多孔介质内往复流动下超绝热燃烧温度分布特性.对各种工况参数下,正反向流动半周期内,超绝热燃烧系统燃烧室内多孔介质轴向温度分布进行了测量.结果表明,不同物理参数条件下,燃烧室内的温度分布在半周期内变化具有不同的特点;一定条件下,燃烧室内有可能产生二维胞室结构热点.     

火焰长度可调式燃烧器的数值模拟

对一种火焰长度可调式燃烧器的燃烧过程建立了数学物理模型,以Fluent63为平台,采用数值模拟的方法研究了热负荷及中心燃料流量与燃料总流量之比β对燃烧室内温度分布和火焰长度的影响.结果表明:改变外围燃气与中心燃气之间的流量比,能够在热负荷不变条件下,实现对燃烧室内温度场和火焰长度的调整.在同一热负荷条件下,燃烧室内的温度场和最高温度都依β而变.随β的增大,燃烧室内的前部高温区逐渐缩小,后部高温区逐渐增大并前移.当β小于05时,火焰长度随β的增大而缩短,而当β大于05时,火焰长度随β的增大而增长,β等于05时,火焰长度最短.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-