力法在多封隔器管柱轴向力分析中的应用

坐封后,多封隔器管柱为超静定结构,常规单封隔器管柱轴向力的求解方法不适用于该结构。鉴于此,以直井多封隔器管柱为研究对象,基于力法和杆件变形理论,建立了多封隔器管柱超静定结构轴向力的计算模型,推导出轴向力的表达式。以四封隔器管柱为例,考虑压裂工况,分析了温度效应和鼓胀效应下四封隔器间3段管柱的轴向力,对比了文中方法与传统计算方法的结果。研究表明:两种算法计算的差值与温度和压力及其变化量无关,而与封隔器间管柱段的长度有关;两者差值随井深的增加而增加;某段管柱长度的变化对上部管柱段的差值没有影响,而使下部管柱段的差值变化。与传统计算公式逐段计算管柱受力不同,该方法可同时计算封隔器间每段管柱的轴向力,结果更加精确。     

深水高温高压气井环空圈闭压力下油管柱安全评价方法

深水高温高压气井普遍存在环空带压现象,而深水井通常采用水下井口,使得B、C环空无法进行泄压操作,从而导致井下油管柱承受高环空圈闭压力载荷,同时附加高温、腐蚀多因素耦合影响,使得油管柱存在失效风险。针对深水高温高压气井环空圈闭压力下油管柱安全问题,基于深水井特性,综合考虑热膨胀和鼓胀效应引起的环空温度、环空体积、流体体积以及环空压力变化的动态耦合作用,建立了深水高温高压气井圈闭压力预测模型,同时,考虑高环空圈闭压力载荷,附加高温及腐蚀多因素耦合影响,建立了深水高温高压气井油管柱安全评价方法,开展了环空圈闭压力多因素影响下油管柱安全评价,并对模型进行了验证。结果表明：考虑环空圈闭压力影响后,环空圈闭压力随服役时间逐渐降低幅度远小于地层压力降低幅度,管柱抗外挤安全系数随服役时间降低幅度增大。同时,管柱内外流体压差随井深增加而逐渐增大,在井底管柱更易发生失效风险;在井筒高温及腐蚀耦合影响下,管柱抗内压、抗外挤及抗拉安全系数均呈现处不同程度的降低,特别井底段管柱受苛刻高温及腐蚀环境,附加高环空圈闭压力,使其更易发生失效风险,在设计及实际生产过程中,应重点管柱井底管柱安全风险。     

轴向压力对螺旋屈曲管柱强度安全性影响分析

为校核螺旋屈曲管柱的强度安全性,基于弹簧理论与第四强度理论,推导出螺旋屈曲状态下管柱内、外侧相当应力的计算公式,并以油田常用规格油套管为例,探讨了轴向压力对管柱内、外侧最大相当应力的影响。算例结果表明,螺旋屈曲管柱内侧最大相当应力恒大于外侧;管柱内、外侧最大相当应力随轴向压力的增大而增大。轴向压力由200KN增大至800KN时,管柱内、外侧最大相当应力分别增大170%和413.8%。研究弥补了传统管柱力学分析的不足,提供了螺旋屈曲管柱安全性研究新方法,同时也可为现场安全施工提供参考。     

高压气井多封隔器完井管柱力学研究

带多封隔器的完井管柱是Norsok D010规范推荐的高温高压气井完井管柱中的重要类型,但是多封隔器完井管柱结构在井下工况中的受力和变形较单一结构管柱更为复杂,并且多封隔器之间局部的圈闭压力可能导致管柱损坏。为此,针对多封隔器管柱结构特点,建立了考虑端面效应、热胀冷缩效应、形变效应、螺旋和正弦屈曲效应影响的管柱变形和受力计算模型,并结合现场实际工况开展了实例计算。计算结果表明,封隔器在井筒中的位置以及井筒温度压力对整个管柱的受力和变形影响较大,在多封隔器复合管柱设计和安全评价时需要考虑多封隔器对管柱力学行为的影响。     

多级多段细分注水管柱动态力学分析及蠕动规律

为准确分析多级多段注水管柱在不同工况下的动态力学性能及蠕动现象,在考虑井筒三维轨迹及多级多段注水管柱空间受力的基础上建立注水管柱三维力学模型,分析封隔器处受力连续性条件和注水管柱动态力学性能,研究封隔器的蠕动机制,提出多级多段注水管柱力学蠕动计算方法。针对河43-12井注水管柱,开展不同作业工况下的蠕动分析。结果表明:所提出蠕动算法的计算结果误差范围为8%～15%,具有较高的准确性;不同工况转换过程中,由于温度、压力变化剧烈,管柱蠕动明显,各级封隔器蠕动变化规律随时间变化基本一致;注水管柱施加刚性锚定后,各级封隔器蠕动量均大幅减小。     

水平井多封隔器管柱力学分析及安全评价

针对水平井多封隔器管柱在井下多种载荷的共同作用下易引起管柱失效的安全问题,基于力学研究中的多杆件的多次超静定结构,引入力法对多封隔器之间管柱进行受力分析,同时考虑温度效应、活塞效应、鼓胀效应和螺旋屈曲效应的影响,建立考虑多封隔器影响的轴向力数学模型;在此基础上建立多封隔器管柱力学安全强度评价准则和封隔器控制信封失效判断方法,对现场水平井多封隔器管柱进行力学分析和安全评价。研究结果表明,建立的考虑多封隔器影响的轴向力数学模型计算结果大于常规不考虑多封隔器影响时轴向力,若不考虑多封隔器的影响将低估多封隔器管柱的轴向力,而造成管柱受力危险;同时对管柱危险位置和封隔器进行安全评价,得到了酸化作业时油压和套压的综合控制参数,以期为水平井多封隔器管柱安全工作参数的优化设计提供理论依据。     

套管柱三轴应力校核软件的设计与实现

为了顺利、安全地进行石油开采,针对套管三轴应力受力特征,开发了一种套管柱三轴应力校核软件.提出了软件开发的思路、技术要求以及结构框架.使用该软件可对套管柱进行三维应力校核,达到合理设计之目的.最后给出符合要求的三轴抗外挤安全系数、三轴抗内压安全系数、三轴抗拉安全系数.现场测试结果表明,该软件能够实现检验石油套管三维应力强度的目的.     

海上油田多功能伸缩管的设计与试验研究

海上油田生产时,以隔热油管为主的隔热保温管柱工艺被广泛采用,由于油管管柱整体载荷较重,造成解封过电缆封隔器时解封力增大,导致整体管柱抗拉安全系数较小。为此,研制一种海上油田用多功能伸缩管,具有实现管柱传递扭矩的功能,同时保温隔热,且能让电缆安全地随着管柱移动而伸缩。通过强度校核,满足安全生产要求。同时,功能试验和性能试验表明,研制的多功能伸缩管能有效降低过电缆封隔器解封载荷,增加整体管柱的安全系数。     

深水井环空圈闭压力管理方案研究

除油套环空外,深水油气井套管环空圈闭压力无法释放,易造成套管挤毁等事故发生,需对环空圈闭压力进行管理,保障油气井生产安全。计算深水井在温度差下的环空圈闭压力,优化分析适用于深水的环空圈闭压力防治方法,结合管柱强度校核标准,建立深水井套管柱强度校核方法,最终形成环空圈闭压力管理设计方法。对于深水油气井,适用的圈闭压力防治方法为A环空压力释放、通过地层进行压力释放和套管外安装可压缩泡沫;考虑环空圈闭压力时,套管柱强度优选应同时采用平衡法和非平衡法进行套管强度校核;综合考虑防治方法和油套管强度校核结果,最终确定A环空圈闭压力控制范围,深水井环空圈闭压力管理方案研究对深水油气井安全高效开发提供技术支持。     

基于自相似模型的气井管柱中流体的近壁压力试验研究

气井管柱内流体运动状态和近壁压力分布的确定对井筒安全和完整性评价有重要意义。从相似性原理出发设计气井管柱流体力学试验,通过尺寸比尺和流速控制实现模型与原型的几何相似和雷诺数自相似,采用试验和数值计算对气井造斜弯曲段管柱近壁压力进行对比研究,利用相对误差分析验证试验的可行性。结果表明:气井管柱室内流体试验满足雷诺数自相似下的几何相似条件;当取运动黏度为试验不变量时,管柱近壁压力的试验模拟结果与数值计算结果相比偏小,当试验压差为0~20 MPa时,近壁压力最大相对误差为4.12%,且压差越大,相对误差越小;随着生产压差(p_p=5~20 MPa)和油管内径(D=76.00~157.08 mm)的增大,管柱整体近壁压力和沿程压力降增大;造斜弯曲段流入端的局部压程比随油管内径增大而增大,流出端规律相反。满足几何相似和雷诺自相似条件的管柱流体试验是气井管柱近壁压力研究的有效手段。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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