固体超强酸S_2O_8~(2-)/ZrO_2-Ce_2O_3催化合成乙酸苄酯的研究

用新型稀土复合固体超强酸催化苯甲醇与乙酸的酯化反应合成了乙酸苄酯 .实验结果表明 :S2 O2 -8/ZrO2 -Ce2 O3 具有较高的催化活性 .考察了苯甲醇与乙酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、带水剂环己烷用量对酯收率的影响 .在适宜反应条件下乙酸苄酯的收率可以达到 89.3% .该催化剂易于回收且可重复使用 ,具有良好的活性稳定性 .     

阳离子交换树脂D006催化合成乙酸环己酯的研究

以环己烯与乙酸为原料,在大孔苯乙烯阳离子交换树脂D006的催化下,通过烯烃酯化反应合成乙酸环己酯。对合成条件进行优化,并考察了树脂催化剂的稳定性。得到较佳的工艺条件为:n(环己烯):n(乙酸)=1:3,反应温度90℃,树脂用量2%(相对于环己烯和乙酸总质量),反应时间5h,搅拌速率300r/min,环己烯转化率94.5%,乙酸环己酯收率83%。催化剂连续使用10次,乙酸环己酯选择性维持在94%左右。     

固体超强酸S2O2-8/ZrO2-Ce2O3催化合成乙酸苄酯的研究

用新型稀土复合固体超强酸催化苯甲醇与乙酸的酯化反应合成了乙酸苄酯，实验结果表明：S2O^2-8／ZrO2-Ce2O3具有较高的催化活性，考察了苯甲醇与乙酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、带水剂环己烷用量对酯收率的影响，在适宜反应条件下乙酸苄酯的收率可以达到89．3％，该催化剂易于回收且可重复使用，具有良好的活性稳定性。     

玻璃球负载纳米级SO2-4/TiO2固体超强酸催化合成丙酸苄酯

用玻璃球负载纳米级SO2-4/TiO2固体超强酸催化合成丙酸苄酯,对丙酸苄酯的合成条件和催化剂的重复使用效果进行了研究.在最佳反应条件下,丙酸的转化率为97.5%.实验还表明,该催化剂对丙酸和苄醇的酯化反应在重复使用5次后,反应3.0 h时丙酸的转化率变为90.3%,催化产物的气相色谱说明该催化剂选择性好,无副产物生成,是合成丙酸苄酯的良好催化剂,具有较好的应用前景.     

三乙基苄基氯化铵催化合成乙酸苄酯工艺研究

文章利用相转移催化剂三乙基苄基氯化铵（TEBAC）催化合成乙酸苄酯,最佳反应条件如下：氯化苄∶乙酸钠=1∶1.4,催化剂用量为9%,反应温度为98℃～102℃,反应时间为3 h,酯收率达88.8%.实验证明,三乙基苄基氯化铵催化合成对该酯化反应是高效、低成本和实用的方法.     

复合固体超强酸S_2O_8~(2-)/Fe_2O_3-CoO催化合成乙酸苄酯

以硫酸铁和硝酸钴为主要原料,采用沉淀-浸渍法制备新型固体超强酸催化剂S2O82-/Fe2O3-CoO,并用于乙酸苄酯的合成反应.该催化剂制备的最优条件为:焙烧温度为500℃,(NH4)2S2O8浸渍浓度0.5 mol/L,焙烧时间为2.5 h.采用该催化剂通过正交试验得到合成乙酸苄酯的最佳条件为:n(苄醇)?n(乙酸)=1.3?1.0,催化剂用量为0.6 g(以0.2 mol乙酸为准),带水剂环己烷用量为12 ml,反应时间为2.5 h,其酯化率可达98%以上.该催化剂具有催化活性高、不污染环境、可重复使用等特点.     

复合固体超强酸S2O2-8/Fe2O3-CoO催化合成乙酸苄酯

以硫酸铁和硝酸钴为主要原料,采用沉淀-浸渍法制备新型固体超强酸催化剂S2O2-8/Fe2O3-CoO,并用于乙酸苄酯的合成反应.该催化剂制备的最优条件为:焙烧温度为500 ℃,(NH4)2S2O8浸渍浓度0.5 mol/L,焙烧时间为2.5 h.采用该催化剂通过正交试验得到合成乙酸苄酯的最佳条件为: n(苄醇)︰n(乙酸)=1.3︰1.0,催化剂用量为0.6 g(以0.2 mol乙酸为准),带水剂环己烷用量为12 ml,反应时间为2.5 h,其酯化率可达98%以上.该催化剂具有催化活性高、不污染环境、可重复使用等特点.     

磁性纳米颗粒负载离子液体催化合成聚甲醛二甲醚

制备了磁性纳米颗粒负载离子液体催化剂,使用XRD、TEM、FT-IR等手段对催化剂进行分析表征,结果表明离子液体较好地负载在磁性纳米颗粒上。将其用于催化合成聚甲醛二甲醚(PODEn)的反应中,考察了催化剂用量、醇醛比、反应温度和时间等因素对催化活性的影响,得出了最佳工艺条件:催化剂的质量分数为2.0%,甲醇与三聚甲醛物质的量比2∶1,反应温度110℃,反应时间3h.在该条件下,三聚甲醛的转化率为99.8%,PODE3～5的选择性达到37.96%,催化剂重复使用4次后仍有较高催化活性。     

强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化制备醋酸正丙酯的工艺研究

以正丙醇、冰醋酸为原料,强酸性阳离子交换脂作为催化剂,催化合成醋酸正丙酯,考察了催化剂的使用寿命,再生能力及反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、酸醇摩尔比对合成醋酸正丙酯的影响.强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化制备醋酸正丙酯适宜的条件为:反应时间为2h,催化剂用量(以醋酸质量计)为15%,沸腾状态反应,酸醇摩尔比为1∶1.在选定的实验条件下,反应的转化率为68.06%.催化剂的使用寿命较长,再生能力较强.     

强酸性阳离子树脂催化合成乙酸乙酯研究

以D072强酸性阳离子树脂为催化剂, 乙酸和乙醇为原料,在常压下合成乙酸乙酯.该文研究了树脂种类、树脂用量、酸醇比、反应温度和反应时间等因素对酯化反应过程的影响.在不分离产物的情况下,合成乙酸乙酯的反应条件为:醇与酸摩尔比为1∶1, 反应时间100 min,催化剂用量6 g, 沸腾状态下反应,乙酸的单程转化率可达65.53%,催化剂可重复使用.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-