公共产品供给的法治保障——作为公共产品的农村义务教育及其供给的制度保障

义务教育是一种准公共产品。因为对义务教育性质缺乏明晰的认识,导致农村义务教育经费分担体制不合理,进而导致农村义务教育缺乏足够的财政支持和制度保障。建构合理的农村义务教育经费分担体制,中央和省级政府应当承担更多的责任,同时要积极利用民间的力量,健全教育资源分配的公平性和有效性。     

公共产品供给的法治保障——作为公共产品的农村义务教育及其供给的制度保障

义务教育是一种准公共产品.因为对义务教育性质缺乏明晰的认识,导致农村义务教育经费分担体制不合理,进而导致农村义务教育缺乏足够的财政支持和制度保障.建构合理的农村义务教育经费分担体制,中央和省级政府应当承担更多的责任,同时要积极利用民间的力量,健全教育资源分配的公平性和有效性.     

财政分权与基本公共服务供给——基于中国省级面板数据的实证分析

采用2007~2011年中国省级面板数据,运用固定效应模型,分析了财政分权对我国基本公共服务供给的影响,并通过控制变量的引入,揭示可能影响地方政府公共服务供给的因素.结果表明:财政分权并没有提高公共服务供给水平;经济发展水平、财政转移支付、政府偏好和财政支出水平对基本公共服务供给水平有正向影响,而人口密度对基本公共服务供给水平产生负影响     

义务教育财政：能否“以省为主”

"以县为主"的义务教育财政制度并不能从根本上解决义务教育发展的经费短缺问题,人口流动性的增加以及县域经济本身的局限,都要求由省级政府负起义务教育的主要责任,因此,建议义务教育财政"以省为主".     

我国农村义务教育完全免费的实现问题刍议

分析可知，我国农村的义务教育未实现完全免费，政府负主要责任。因此，政府应加大财政投入，努力实现义务教育法完全免费，其方略有：理顺投入关系是基础；加大中央和省级政府投入是主渠道；特殊资助制度是有效的补充；法律规范是基本保障。     

中央政府与地方政府的财政博弈——兼论分税制体制的完善

随着改革的深入,中央政府和地方政府的矛盾和冲突正在加剧。本文对于中央与地方的博弈关系进行了分析,概述了双方博弈的过程与结果,并由此引出对当前分税制财政体制完善的建议。     

基于动态博弈的科技型中小企业扶持政策优化研究

科技型中小企业已逐渐成为拓展新兴产业、促进科技进步、推动区域乃至国家经济发展的重要力量,但是,其政策需求与政策供给存在差距,扶持政策的实施效果与供给初衷存在背离,亟须对扶持政策优化问题进行探讨。在分析科技型中小企业扶持政策变迁的基础上,构建以中央政府、地方政府和科技型中小企业为博弈主体的三方不完全信息动态博弈模型,通过均衡解解析,深入分析博弈模型的博弈过程与策略选择,提出"加强顶层设计、重构扶持政策体系、推进配套扶持政策建设"的政策优化路径,以此作为扶持政策供给优化的理论依据。     

基于意识形态变迁的农村公共产品供给制度创新

建国以来,我国农村公共产品供给制度经历了不同历史时期的变迁过程,但是政府主导、以制度外财政为主的供给制度并没有改变,而是沿着既有的路径继续发展。本文把农村公共产品供给制度创新看为意识形态的蜕变,按科学发展观的要求,推进农村公共产品供给一体化、均等化和服务对象的"非歧视化";完善地方政府激励制度;改革财政体制,规范中央与地方的财权和事权。     

基于博弈视角的市级科技报告工作推进研究

科技报告是重要的政府开放科技数据和科技战略资源.利用演化博弈的方法分析了省级政府和市级政府的博弈关系,探讨了市级科技报告工作的推进机制.研究发现,省级政府和市级政府演化博弈模型中,省级政府策略选择主要考虑自身的成本和收益,市级政府除了考虑自身成本和收益外,还受省级政府策略选择的影响;推进市级科技报告工作需要双方共同努力,尽可能降低市级政府的成本,提高市级政府的直接和额外收益.     

区域经济发展不平衡对义务教育投入的影响

地区经济发展不平衡是我国的一个基本国情，上世纪90年代义务教育投资总量和人均教育经费投入水平在我国三大地带呈现巨大差距，其成因是多方面的，要改变这种状态，必须建立规范的政府间基础教育财政支付制度，对政府管理基础教育的层级进行调整，建立农村义务教育教师工资保障机制。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.